The Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay - 1417 Words

Comer Vann Woodward was an American historian who concentration emphasized on the American south and race relations in the united states. He was born in 1908 in eastern, rural Arkansas. He attended Henderson-Brown College, in Arkadelphia, Arkansas for two years. He then transferred to Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia in which his uncle was dean of students and a sociology professor. After Woodward graduated from Emory university, he became an English professor at Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia teach) and taught English composition for two years. In 1931, Woodward enrolled into graduate school at Columbiana university. He received a Master’s of Arts in 1932. In 1947, he received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in history from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was a professor at Johns Hopkins University from 1946 to 1961. He then became Sterling Professor of History at Yale University from 1961 to 1977, in which he taught graduate students and un dergraduates. Woodward s most influential work is The Strange Career of Jim Crow which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained how segregation was not inevitable. In the 1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. claimed the book to be, the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement. His second most influential work is Origins of the New South, 1877-1913. It was published in 1951. He held the Gold Medal of the National Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters and was a member of the BritishShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow862 Words   |  4 PagesJim crow laws In the 18th century the civil war had brought in end to slavery ,when the union beat the confederacy.Many people believe that slavery ended right there, and that anything else that happened to African Americans after that was due to racism of the people of that time.When in reality that change had caused ripples, that would shape history and the way people think all the way till today.Using historical ideas ,journals ,and such C.Vann Woodward in The Strange Career Of JIM CROW Read MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws were also known as â€Å"Black Codes† in many parts of the United States. C. Vann Woodward’s book The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Commemorative Edition explains the history of racial segregation in America from the end of the Civil War until the mid-1960s. The system of slavery that existed before the Civil War â€Å"†¦made separation of the races for the most part impracticable.† Racial segregati on was not encoded in law until after the Civil War. Woodward’s book is an effective history ofRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Then he taught at  Johns Hopkins University. He made the achievement of becoming Sterling Professor of History at  Yale  University from 1961 to 1977. Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained how segregation was not inevitable. In the 1960s, Dr.  Martin Luther King, Jr.  claimed the book to be the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement (Dr. Fallin, class lecture, nRead MoreThe Strange Career of Jim Crow1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Strange Career of Jim Crow When The Strange Career of Jim Crow was first published in 1955, it was immediately recognized to be the definitive study of racial relations in the United States. Professor Woodward discusses the â€Å"unanticipated developments and revolutionary changes at the very center of the subject.† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. referred to the book as the historical bible of the civil rights movement. The Strange Career of Jim Crow won the Pulitzer for Mary Chestnut’s Civil WarRead MoreEssay on The Strange Career of Jim Crow1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, has been hailed as a book which shaped our views of the history of the Civil Rights Movement and of the American South. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the book as â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† The argument presented in The Strange Career of Jim Crow is that the Jim Crow laws were relatively new introductions to the South that occurred towards the turn of the century rather thanRead MoreEssay The Strange Career of Jim Crow1834 Words   |  8 PagesThe Jim Crow laws were local and state laws that were supposedly â€Å"separate but equal,† but instead blacks were inferior to the whites due that to the social, educational, and economical disadvantages that they caused. In Woodward’s greatly influential book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, he shows supporters of segregation that this was not the way that it had always been, but instead segregation took time to develop a fter the Civil war and that the acceptance of the Jim Crow laws was not just becauseRead MoreAnalysis of the Strange Career of Jim Crow940 Words   |  4 PagesWoodward’s novel â€Å"The Strange Career of Jim Crow† was simply a book about racism. Other critics also attack his style of writing in this very popular novel. However, I believe that Woodward’s novel is not just a book about racism. It is a book about history. I believe it is a book about race relations, not racism. Woodward shatters the stereotypical view of segregation through chronicling the history of America from reconstruction through the late 1960’s. The Strange Career of Jim Crow is not simplyRead MoreEssay A Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow1072 Words   |  5 PagesA Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s most famous work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, was written in 1955. It chronicles the birth, formation, and end of Jim Crow laws in the Southern states. Often, the Jim Crow laws are portrayed as having been instituted directly after the Civil War’s end, and having been solely a Southern brainchild. However, as Woodward, a native of Arkansas points out, the segregationist Jim Crow laws and policies were not fully a part ofRead MoreThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward1063 Words   |  5 PagesWoodward wrote The Strange Career of Jim Crow for a purpose. His purpose was to enlighten people about the history of the Jim Crow laws in the South. Martin Luther King Jr. called Woodward’s book, â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† (221) Martin Luther King Jr.’s quote revealed the true importance of Woodward’s book. Woodard’s book significance was based on it revealing the strange, for gotten facets of the Jim Crow laws. Assumptions about the Jim Crow’s career have existed sinceRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow By C. Vann Woodward1871 Words   |  8 PagesThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward explains the development of Jim Crow Laws starting in the period of Reconstruction until its legal demise in 1965. The book puts an argument against the question whether or not segregation had been around before the civil war, and argues that segregation had not always been that way. Before the Civil War, a close proximity was crucial between the societies in the South to maintain white supremacy above blacks. After the Civil War, a period known

Development of the Technology (Tank) From WWI through the Employment in WWII Free Essays

A tank is a trail armored combat vehicle created to employ enemies face-to-face, via straight fire from a large caliber-gun and supporting fire from machine guns. Heavy armor on top a high extent of mobility confer it survival, as the tracks let it to cross even rough land at high speeds. The name tank first came to pass in British factories making the hulls of the first battle tanks: the workmen were given the notion they were making tracked water containers for the British Army, therefore keeping the assembly of a fighting vehicle secret. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of the Technology (Tank) From WWI through the Employment in WWII or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process began in World War I. American tank doctrines from the beginning focused on direct support of the infantry. American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) planners paid little attention to futuristic ideas such as those of British Colonel J. F. C. Fuller for a campaign based on fast tanks in deep-penetration roles. With the end of the war, the embryonic Tank Corps was disbanded. Tank units were assigned to the infantry, whose experts increasingly warned against their excessive use as a potential handicap to the rifleman’s â€Å"offensive spirit. â€Å" In 1921 the Army possessed about 1,000 copies of the light French Renault FT-17, and 100 or so British Mark VIII heavy tanks assembled at Rock Island Arsenal from parts made for a projected Anglo-American program that died with the Armistice. What the infantry wanted was a light tank of about 6 tons that could be transported on Army trucks and a medium tank of 15 tons, the weight limit of average highway and pontoon bridges. What it got by 1930 were a dozen or so prototypes of various kinds, all too far from meeting branch specifications to be considered for even limited production. Branch rivalry proved less intense than expected. While the cavalry stressed the importance of speed and range, in-house organs such as Infantry Journal published an increasing number of articles emphasizing the potential of tanks for independent missions, as well as in the branch-specific roles of leading and accompanying infantry. There was, however, simply not enough money to pursue separate design tracks of close support and long-range exploitation. Could one vehicle possibly perform both tasks? A potential solution emerged when the fast tank so often discussed in armor circles became reality in the designs of independent inventor J. Walter Christie. The few Christies actually purchased were divided between infantry and cavalry and earned mixed reviews. Their influence was nevertheless perceptible in the M2 light tank and its near sister the M1 combat car. More than 100 of these 7. 5-ton vehicles were acquired in the mid-1930s. The M1 carried only two . 30-caliber machine guns in a rotating turret; the M2 had the same armament in two fixed turrets–a characteristic that promptly earned it the nickname â€Å"Mae West† in honor of the buxom film siren. But the vehicles’ reliability made them welcome in the infantry’s tank battalions, and the cavalry found its new combat cars an answer to a branch’s prayer. In 1932 a mechanized cavalry brigade was authorized for Fort Knox. When the dust raised by advocates of the horse settled, the new force emerged as cavalry yellow through and through. Its missions were defined in traditional cavalry terms: reconnaissance, pursuit and exploitation. Its limited maneuver experience generated little serious discussion of a U. S.  counterpart to the Panzerwaffe emerging in Adolph Hitler’s Germany. As late as 1938 both infantry and cavalry remained committed to mobility and reliability, rather than armor and armament, as the fundamental desiderata for tank development. Neither the U. S. government nor the U. S. Army had any reason to believe substantial American forces would be deployed overseas in a high-tech, high-risk environment. Should such an expedition be necessary, shipping space would be at a premium, as would maintenance facilities on arrival. Even medium-weight tanks seemed a correspondingly risky investment. The same criteria applied in reverse to any possible invasion of the United States. No enemy in the Western Hemisphere had any tanks to speak of. Armored forces deployed from Europe were hardly likely to reach North America in strength. The United States, moreover, had nothing like the production facilities to introduce new tank designs on any scale. The government arsenal at Rock Island, Ill. , had been responsible for building the small numbers of light tanks authorized under various 1930s programs. Rock Island specialized in artillery. It lacked the room for large tank production lines except by converting from another vital need: guns. Instead, the Army proposed to increase its tank inventory by following plans developed in the 1920s–contracting tank construction to heavy engineering firms, locomotive factories and similar institutions with facilities and experience in heavy assembly work. The emerging doctrines of the new armored force combined domestic heritage and evaluation of foreign experience. Tanks were projected for use in masses, by divisions and in entire corps–as instruments of exploitation, as opposed to breakthrough. More important for operational considerations, both the M3 and its designated successor mounted main guns whose armor-piercing capacity ran a distant second to their ability to fire high-explosive shells. That fact reflected armored force doctrine emphasizing the medium tank’s supporting mission. Production factors played a role as well. The projected mediums were complex, incorporating a substantial spectrum of new technologies. Firms were receiving contracts despite the fact that few in their work forces or on their technical staffs had even seen a tank, much less knew how to build one. Even a major company like Chrysler had to construct production facilities. The outstanding successes of those novices–Chrysler was able to deliver the first M3s less than a year after submitting its initial bid–wed not a little to the fact that in those early stages of industrial mobilization the best was not allowed to become the enemy of the good. The first Shermans rolled off newly constructed production lines in 1942 at the Lima Locomotive Works, the Pressed Steel Car Company and the Pacific Car and Foundry Company. By 1943 the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the American Locomotive Company and the Pullman Standard Car Company also were contributing to increasingly impressive production totals. The U. S. armored force had, however, another ace in the hole. None of Europe’s armies intended to pit tanks against tanks as a matter of course. The favored counter was the antitank gun. High-velocity weapons, usually 37-50mm, with low silhouettes, shields for their crews and motor traction, they were intended to move quickly to threatened points, in company or battalion strength, and knock out tanks as they came into range. Antitank guns were cost-effective compared to tanks–so easy to mass produce and so simple to operate they might well be considered expendable, and often were. The U. S. Army had added an entirely new version of the weapon to its order of battle. In 1940 the War Department accepted the position of General Andrew D. Bruce that attacking tanks were best countered not by mere battalions but by entire groups and brigades of high-velocity guns on self-propelled carriages. Bruce’s long-term concept involved putting a modern 3-inch gun on a modified Sherman chassis. To emphasize their mission of seek, strike and destroy, the new units were called tank destroyers, or TDs. They received their own training center and what amounted to status as a separate arm that at peak strength had more than 100 battalions. The Army fielded no fewer than 15 armored divisions and 37 independent tank battalions in northern Europe. By D-Day, however, only a single armored division deployed in the theater had seen any action at all, and then only briefly. Inexperience, inadequate training and problems of sharing experience, particularly among the constantly transferred independent battalions, took precedence over questions of materiel. For infantry support, machine guns were usually the tank’s most important weapon, just as they had been in 1918. Armored divisions in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) were usually distributed among Army corps in a ratio of 1-to-2 or 1-to-3 infantry divisions, and in practice would perform much the same roles as their footslogging partners. The Army’s new armored field manual, published in January 1944, neither suggested nor implied a need for new tanks in what was clearly a more modest role than originally envisaged. The question was not whether U. S. factories could retool to manufacture either the M6 or the T20. It was whether a changeover, or even an adjustment, represented the best use of material and technical resources. The M4 was not an optimal armored vehicle. The United States’ factories could, however, produce it in numbers enough not only for American forces but also for the British, the Free French and, not least, the USSR, whose Lend-Lease Shermans formed a significant element of the Red Army’s armored forces for much of the war. Two Shermans could be embarked for one M6–no bagatelle given the massive demands on Allied shipping in 1942 and 1943. The new M18 Hellcat, introduced in late 1943, could make the incredible top speed of 55 miles per hour, but had nearly no protection and carried the same 76mm gun that encumbered the Sherman. It was possible to maneuver, seeking more vulnerable sides and rears. There were enough German tanks in Normandy, however, relative to the space involved to provide higher and more consistent levels of mutual support than had been common in North Africa and Italy. American crew losses mounted, and crew morale declined. Omar Bradley and then Dwight Eisenhower were sufficiently disconcerted that the supreme commander contacted U. S. Army Chief of Staff George Marshall, demanding that tanks and tank destroyers with 90mm guns be made available as soon as possible. The development of a tank with a 90mm gun followed a more tortuous path. The Ordnance Department had recommended as early as May 1943 that pilot models in the T20 series be tested not only with a heavier gun, but with thicker armor and wider treads than either the M4 or the T20 designs. The T20 series had been conceived as a medium tank. In that version, it offered no significant advantages over the Sherman. The 90mm configurations, the T25 and the T26, amounted to introducing a heavy tank through the back door. Weighing more than 45 tons, with 4. 5 inches of frontal armor, on paper at least they bode fair to compete with, if not match, the German Panthers and Tigers. Work on the new design did not receive high priority. Not until May 1944 was the original order of 50 completed. The first M26, chosen over the T25 for its greater reliability, was not standardized until March 1945. It was not light tanks that were wanted for the close-gripped fighting of the northern Europe campaign. Even during the post-Operation Cobra days of breakout and pursuit in the summer of 1944, the Shermans’ maneuverability and high rate of fire were at best stopgaps against German tanks and assault guns whose armor and firepower were ideally suited to the conditions of a fighting withdrawal. To speak of the failure of U. S. tank policy in World War II is nevertheless a crass overstatement, even if failure is defined in the narrow terms of tank versus tank. Interwar and early-war concepts favoring mobility and reliability, regarding tanks as best suited for exploitation rather than breakthrough and incorporating a counter to mass armor attacks, fitted both the United States’ military requirements and most of the then-relevant European experience. The Sherman, its light tank stablemates and the tank destroyers supporting them were developed to fit parameters of doctrine and experience. They were also manufactured on a scale and at a pace no other power could hope to match. That process took time even once a doctrinal base existed: that is to say when the users had reasonably clear ideas of what they wanted. The Army’s history of tank design and production possibilities reflects the strong elements of improvisation in the U. S. war effort. The German and Soviet doctrines and technologies against which American models are so often compared were products of processes begun in 1919. By 1939 the Wehrmacht and the Red Army both had tank inventories in the thousands. U. S. tanks were counted in three figures well after Pearl Harbor. Commanders, crews and tactics had to be introduced by forced draft, in hopes of high learning curves that were by no means always forthcoming. It made corresponding sense to standardize comprehensively, rather than keep tinkering with systems in search of an optimum. Not until early 1943 did American armor doctrine and equipment have even a limited base of direct experience–which by no means pointed in a single direction. Tunisia, Sicily and Italy offered limited opportunities for using armor on a large scale in exploitation roles. Northwest Europe seemed a different proposition. Force-to-space ratios in that theater were expected to allow the Shermans to maneuver as their design intended–if not quite on the scales envisioned in 1940–once the infantry and its supporting arms had broken German resistance. However, even if the Army and its tankers had been generally convinced by mid- 1943 of the absolute necessity to alter not merely priorities but attitudes and doctrines, bigger guns and heavier armor on new chassis were unlikely to have been in unit strength by D-Day in any number. The German Panther offers a useful benchmark. It was developed in response to the obvious challenge of the superb Soviet T-34 medium tank and the heavy Klimenti Voroshilov. It received as clear a priority as was possible in the convoluted administrative structure of the Third Reich. Yet it was 18 months before the first Panthers saw action, and another 10 before the tank was considered satisfactory. Even then Panthers continued to suffer serious problems with engines, suspensions and turret mechanisms. The M26, another wartime design, took a bit over a year to reach operational status, and its bugs were being discovered as late as the Korean War. In terms of doctrine, equipment and mentality, the American armored force of World War II was optimized to win and to defeat Operation Barbarossa. Until the war’s final 10 months, its shortcomings nevertheless involved acceptable tradeoffs. Even after D-Day, deficiencies in American armor did not involve the kind of crisis the Germans faced in late 1941 on the Russian Front, when they found themselves drastically overmatched in both numbers and quality. Artillery and fighter-bombers, the superior training and improvisational skill of American tankers, and overwhelming material imbalances in all categories of armored vehicles combined to maintain a pattern of being good enough. No more was needed. No more was done. How to cite Development of the Technology (Tank) From WWI through the Employment in WWII, Essays

Foreword In the days of the Ancients there was a race like no other, for they were blessed with a unique gift Essay Example For Students

Foreword In the days of the Ancients there was a race like no other, for they were blessed with a unique gift Essay Foreword In the days of the Ancients there was a race like no other, for they were blessed with a unique gift of being able to speak and understand Dragon Tongue. Rumors spread about these magical folk, penetrating right into the heart of the Evil Lords great fortress in the Dark Lands. Evil Lord Malus Dominus heard of this race, and he became worried. All knew that dragons were a superior race that could be only be defeated by immortals. They were the strongest creatures alive. If these folk were to forge an alliance with the dragons he would surely perish. Before dawn the next day, he had summoned his undead warriors. They had destroyed the race before daybreak à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ well thats what they thought. A few hours later some traders passed by the spot where the village had been and they heard a noise. When they went to investigate they found a child wrapped in a silk sheet just barely alive. So they took the child and raised it as one of there own never knowing its secret. Chapter 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Truth Realized The merchants son Dazhrej was the finest archer in the Princedom of Vellantim. His father Rovnir went to the inn every night and gloated. The bandit had slain the guards surrounding the treasury and made off with the loot. If Dazhrej had not had to fetch some more silk for his father he would not have seen the bandit making off with the Princes treasure covered in the blood of the Princes royal guards. Dazhrej yelled for the man to stop. The bandit obliged, turned around and went for his barbed throwing knife. Before he had a chance to throw it he had an arrow in his arm pinning it to a tree. Before the fellow had a chance to take in the damage he had another arrow right between his eyes. The Prince thanked Dazhrej for recovering his treasure and rewarded Dazhrej by offering to foster him until knighthood. Dazhrej gladly acceptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Three years later Dazhrej now excelled in swordplay, knife fighting and magic. Dazhrej, have the horses been readied? asked Prince Ronan. Yes, your highness, Dazhrej replied. We leave at sunrise, the Prince said. Ah, Prince Ronan, where are we going? Dazhrej asked with curiosity. The Grand Congregation of course, replied Prince Ronan. Every Prince is going to be there. Its where we draw up the trade laws, permits and settle disputes between the Princedoms. Oh. Why did you not go last year or the year before? enquired Dazhrej. Because the Grand Congregation is held every four years, the prince replied. As they crested the hill Dazhrej saw tents. They were as far as the eye could see. The colors were amazing. Blue, red, yellow and his own princedoms black and silver. Once everyone had had a few hours to settle in the proceedings began and Dazhrej accompanied his prince to the first meeting. This is  what was said: Prince Ronan, I think everyone should have free access to your port, declared Prince Carter. Well Prince Carter, then I think everyone should have free passage across your borders and in to your markets, reasoned Prince Ronan. It is a deal Prince Ronan, replied Prince Carter. The parchment was signed and the deal was made. Prince Ronans next meeting was with Prince Quarry of the Mountains Prince Quarry was the Dominant stone supplier to the whole continent and making a deal with him was a privilege prince Ronan entered the stone grey tent and saw the mighty Prince Quarry they sat down and the meeting began: Now Prince Ronan I have no time to waste so lets keep it short you Brew the finest Ale and I mine the best stone a direct swap twelve Kegs of Ale for twelve Cart loads of marble Prince Ronan pondered this and said calmly done Dazhrej accompanied Prince Ronan to his tent, and then he went to the inn and had a drink of ale. Then he went to bed. Dazhrej woke and made sure that the princes morning meal was ready and then woke his prince up. After his meal Prince Ronan had to go to another meeting with another prince. As he stepped through the door Prince Arsenal started talking. He said: Prince Ronan, were both busy men so I will keep this short. Currently I trade you a wagonload of my finest weapons and in return you send me a wagonload of gold. This is fine but if you were to send a wagon load of fish from you port then I would send a wagon load of my best armourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Morse Code EssayAh, actually no Dazhrej replied. The Elder then explained to Dazhrej that he was the son of the last king of his race this shocked him. Months passed and Dazhrej learned a lot of dragon terms. One day the hurricane strength wind that came with the larger dragons approaching whipped the mountains as Razor and Blade returned from their Outing. Dragon outings can last for years Dazhrej hid as they landed he had been met with hostility by some of the dragons who didnt know who he was and hadnt heard the elders warning that he was not to be attacked. The Dragons looked both ways and saw no one Dazhrej was under their eye sight as they were looking for dragons only, They then resumed their conversation: The Evil lord is sending an Assassin to the Meadows on the night of the Head elders Half annual feeding said Blade Yeah I cant wait till we take over said Blade as they walked away. Dazhrej ran straight to the elder as was expected but the elder refused to believe him because Razor and Blade were his Favorites and they knew it. Dazhrej pleaded with the Elder to send another dragon to the Meadow instead without telling anyone so they thought it was he and going the next day. Reluctantly the Elder agreed but told Dazhrej that if he was wrong he would be expelled from the Lairs forever. So the plan went into affect and the elder hid in his chamber while his look a like Jasper went to the meadow. A few Hours later Jasper awkwardly flew lopsided back to the Mountain with Slash marks on his wings, back, chest and neck he collapsed on impact. His recovery was slow but he worked up to the point were he could speak to told the elder what he had seen: The boy was right the assassin was there and so were Razor and Blade they stood there and laughed as he slashed me. Then let them die the elders word was Final the Next day at sunrise they were beheaded by the Great dragon they were not buried they were thrown from the Cliff top and forgotten. Dazhrej on the other hand was the hero of the dragons the Head Elder declared him Warlord of the Dragons. Chapter 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Bigger they are the Harder they fall After waking from a good nights rest Dazhrej was summoned to the main court where the head elder awaited his arrival, The Elder leapt from his lofty seat and flew to the ground where he engaged Dazhrej in conversation, For many Millennia our people have tried not to meddle in the affairs of other species and our lairs are high in the mountains where no creatures dare to venture, until now! Our kin in  the north have been laid to siege by Evil Forces and we have no battle experience, do you? Dazhrej was stunned Dragons where under siege! Head Elder how can it be that Dragons are under siege? Dazhrej Asked Our Cousins cannot breath fire and when they get close enough to attack the Dragons Bane Takes Effect within days there assailants will gather up the courage and invade Apon our helpless kin. Dragons Bane? Dazhrej enquired Dragons Bane is a potion made by the evil warriors, if a dragon comes into contact with it then there strength will be sapped to the extent that they will fall from the sky. Wow! Dazhrej exclaimed Our scouts will return in a few days then we will begin our planning you are dismissed. Dazhrej immediately went to his room and planned. The Might of a full grown flying fire breathing dragon is Great but it is rumored that the evil that comes out of the shadows in the pits of the dark lords castle could rival them. Dazhrej sought Azhwings council on the matter Dragons do not meddle in the affairs of others for just such a reason to the scholars we are but a Myth, But now we have no choice our kin are in danger I suggest that you play off our strengths Azhwing explained. What are your strengths Azhwing? Dazhrej inquired Well, we can fly as you have seen first hand also we can breathe fire that rivals the heat of liquid magma and the oldest of our elders can shape the very Earth Azhwing explained and Dazhrej Gaped in awe. Days of Planning passed.

To Build A Fire By Jack London Essays - To Build A Fire

To Build A Fire By Jack London In ?To Build a Fire,? Jack London uses many details of setting to illustrate the gravity of the protagonist's situation. The story is a detailed description of the dangers of intense cold and the stages involved in the process of freezing to death. The man in ?to build a fire? is a very dogmatic and arrogant person who believed in his own abilities and took everything at face value. He didn't analyze and scrutinize over every detail. He definitely wasn't one to philosophize and his conceptions were rooted in the tangible not the surreal. At the end, though, he realizes his own deficiencies and finally dies. The magnitude of the man's situation is fully illustrated and established through London's descriptions of the landscape, snow, ice, and intense cold. The height of London's graphic portrayal is the story's explicit description of the intense cold of the arctic winter that the man is travelling through. The ?sharp, explosive crackle?(pg. 119 para. 2) that occurred in the air before the man's spit could even hit the snow is just an example of the vicious cold that the man was travelling through. The frozen moisture of the man's breathing that forms ice on his beard and mustache. The ?crystal beard of the color and solidity of amber?(pg. 120 para. 1) that transpires when the man chews tobacco and the speed in which the man's appendages become numb and unusable are further examples of London's account of the cold. The journey through the unbroken white ?north and south, as far as the eye could see? (paragraph 2) was another striking account of the wonderful use of setting in this story. Without a doubt, the concept of a world of ice is a major factor in the greatness of this story undermined only by London's graphic depiction of the man's death. This is depicted in great detail throughout the latter part of the story. The terrain of the Yukon, to the man, is just an obstacle that could easily be overcome with knowledge of your surroundings and a pragmatic attitude, but in truth it is the executioner of the man. The anxiety of falling in the water, the relief when the fire is built, and the shock when it is put out are all situations that build to the tension of the story. The panic when he is unable to build a second fire and the conclusion that is bound to happen are more thoroughly realized when the man is unable to even light a match. The wild rush through the snow and the idea to kill his dog to use its body as warmth are further graphic details of the break down of the man. The innovation of ?meeting death with dignity?(pg.128 para. 3) is the final stage to the man's realization that he was to die. The idea to ?sleep off to death?(pg.128 para. 3) and the statement, ?Freezing was not so bad as people thought. There were lots worse ways to die.? is an additional step towards the conclusion we had all suspected when the fire was put out. The setting is further developed by these accounts and the harshness of the Arctic winters are even more realized. Thus, London's setting within the unfeeling Yukon is both descriptive and arousing. The major action takes place after the fire is put out, leading to the climax of the story when the man begins his realization that death had found him. In this way, London uses setting to show the extent of the man's situation and the death that will surely follow if you underestimate it. The events of the story, the unrelenting cold, and the man's final death are all tied together by London's expert control of setting.

Abortion Essays (1350 words) - Reproductive Rights, Abortion

Abortion Essays (1350 words) - Reproductive Rights, Abortion Abortion In our society, there are many ethical dilemmas that we are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that we are faced with is abortion. There are many strong arguments both for and against the right to have an abortion which are so complicated that it becomes impossible to resolve. The complexity of this issue lies in the different aspects of the argument. The essence of a person, rights, and who is entitled to these rights, are a few of the many aspects which are very difficult to define. There are also issues of what circumstances would justify abortion. Because the issue of abortion is virtually impossible to solve, all one can hope to do is understand the different aspects of the argument so that if he or she is faced with that issue in their own lives, they would be able to make educated and thoughtful decisions in dealing with it. The definition of a person is an aspect of the abortion issue which raises some very difficult questions. Is an unborn baby a person? When does the unborn baby become a person? This is a difficult question because in order for one to answer it, he must define the essence of a person. When describing the essence of something, one needs to describe the necessary and sufficient conditions of that thing. So how does one define the essence of a person? Kant describes a person as a rational being. Some people define the essence of a person from more of a biological standpoint. Nevertheless, defining the essence of a person is a very difficult thing for a group of people to agree on. Ones own definition of a person would most likely greatly impact his opinion on whether abortion is morally justified or not. This becomes even more complicated when one takes into account potentiality. This raises the question of whether the fetus is an actual person or a potential person. Many would argue that a fetus is a potential person because it is has the potential to become what it is not yet. However, does a potential person have potential rights? An example was used: does a potential doctor have the rights of a licensed doctor? When one is describing potentiality, All he is really describing is what that thing is not. By declaring that a fetus is a potential person, one is also stating that a fetus is not a person. As one can see, this issue of the essence of a person and whether a fetus is a person is a very complicated one. This becomes seven more complicated if one takes into account the issue of rights. Now, the concept of human rights, that is to say, what American society dictates as human rights, conflicts heavily with itself. On one hand, we form a deep and heavy opinion on ones right to life. On the other, we hold an equally strong opinion on ones freedom to live that life as they please. American society by and large has a firm belief in an individuals right to live. Therefore, if one comes to the conclusion that a fetus actually is a person, then that fetus should receive the protection to its right to live, as much as you or I. This society also holds the firm belief in ones right to the sovereignty of his or her own body, equal to that of ones right to live. In this case, it is imperative that we understand what liberties we can and cannot take upon ourselves concerning our lives. Case in point, suicide. Society dictates what we are allowed to do, and how we are allowed to live, by law. Most of American laws are written to preserve ones rights to individuality, and ones right to take the liberty to live their lives as they see fit. However, laws are also written to undermine those whos actions compromise the liberties and freedoms of other individuals, thus protecting the concepts and ideals of agency and liberty. Based on our societys laws, essentially, we believe that what you do to yourself is your choice, and is accepted by law, so long as it doesnt stop or impede the lives and freedoms of others. The difficulty in this dilemma lies within the question of whether an abortion falls into a category of protection of a womans rights over the sovereignty of her own body, or whether it

Grants A-I-R Opportunities Abound for Writers!

Grants A-I-R Opportunities Abound for Writers! Philanthropy is on the rise. Grants are plentiful, offering funding for specific purposes: publishing, research,   workshops, writing, travel, individual/community projects, seminars and more. Grants often require an extensive application process. Tips for applying for grants: When applying, you will need a finely-honed mission and letters of recommendation from respected peers. When awarded a grant, you will be required to submit a final report of how you spent the funds and sometimes a sample donation of your work will be requested. Grants are not simply free money. They involve many hours of work, but I have found that it is time well-spent. Grants have themes. Grant providers offer grants for specific purposes. Make sure that your project is a good match with the grantors parameters before you begin the application process. Some grants offer funding within specific geographic boundaries. Is your geographical location a match? Grants have a mission. Clearly articulate how you will use the grant money. Include a detailed budget. And explain how this project matches the grants mission. Demonstrate that your requests match the funding guidelines. Explain how this grant will serve your professional career, help others (now and in the future) and expand the grantors mission.   Grants are about you, the grant funder and the impact the project will have on others. If you can communicate these three components, you will be a strong candidate! Some ways grant funds have made a difference: I have received grants to attend writers conferences because improved writing skills helped at work. When I was teaching, I applied for a little-known $4,000 governors grant for teaching excellence and completed graduate level writing courses using that money. The local state educators association funded two $10,000 grants to produce a book with a companion CD about Native American music. A Quaker Lyman Fund funded $2,000 twice for a book and CD about spiritual connections. A local bank offered a grant for a writing project for children. The Alex Tanous Foundation funded two summer projects to bring women to my home for classes for 10 weeks. The Puffin Foundation offers grants to save something endangered. My grant application about authentic Native American music received two grants totaling   $3,000 for two books. Making the most of a residency Artist-in-Residencies (AIR) have also been a welcome gift during the past 10 years. When I accepted   AIR positions at Sleeping Bear Dunes (MI), Acadia (ME), Crater Lake (OR) and Great North Cascades (WA) U.S. National Parks, it became obvious that those without an artistic bent were a bit confused about what I would be doing. Writing and offering one public presentation about my work, was my response. â€Å"Is that all?† some questioned. Yes, that was all. What a gift of time, space and inspiration! You need to have a vision, clear the calendar, craft an AIR project, gather references and complete your application. Each park offered me a unique experience: Sleeping Bear Dunes reflects Native American legends of the Great Lakes, Acadias rockbound coast/islands strengthen the soul, Great North Cascades offers majestic mountains, wild rivers, mammoth trees, and Crater Lake’s mystical quality is magnetic! My fifth AIR on Marthas Vineyard at Turkeyland Cove for 17 days of solitude in a magnificent island house resulted in several publications. I am a writer and a musician. Writers describe their impressions in word paintings. Musicians bring forth inspiration through sound. That is what I do every day during an artist-in-residency. AIR programs offer time for the mind to wander, filling my soul with joy. Profound experiences of beauty and serenity are imprinted upon my soul and will continue to enrich my work for years.

United States Assistive Technology Act of 1998 Essay

United States Assistive Technology Act of 1998 - Essay Example The third issue concerns the protection, coordination and promotion of the established program within the stated jurisdiction. In addition, since funding may be susceptible to abuse, the act establishes the checks and balances of ensuring proper management and use of availed funds. The 1998 act is majorly concerned with the provision of technical support for the persons with disability in the country so that they are able to perform their tasks and efficiently dispose off their daily activities. This is based on the fact that with new technology the disabled should not be left behind, but accorded the best alternatives of handling tasks through the facilitation of information dissemination and training programs for other personnel related to the program. The act also calls for coordination between the federal government and states agencies for the implementation of this program. Since the area of educational facilities and learning materials was the most affected, the act was mainly facilitated by the federal department of education (Watson, 2007). Persons with disabilities in the country have long been faced with challenges for the access of physical infrastructure like buildings besides not being able to access certain services like proper education. With the advancement in technology, it has been a challenge for the physically disabled to cope with innovation. The act is, therefore, established to take advantage of modern technology to enhance and support activities of th e disabled and reverse the trend where new technology poses a challenge to most disabled individuals. The policy maker was concerned because technological change is also a major driver for economic development of the country. For instance, it is notable that in the education sector alone, about over 10% of the enrolled undergraduates as of the year 2004 were disabled (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2005). The political motives and implications behind this program were varied. As a key component, the act serves the purposes of ensuring that the right of equitable access to facilities and services by the disabled members of the population is guaranteed. The policy implications is that the program required that the institutions of learning and other sector administrators develop appropriate frameworks for the facilitation of the assisted programs for the benefit of persons with disabilities. Engineering designs for the various information and technology tools are also to b e designed taking into account the usability of these individuals. The act also requires equal representation of all the stakeholders related to the issues of the assistive technology as composed in the advisory council of the act. The process of establishing this act can be traced back to the year 1987 when there was push for the establishment of policy in the aid of assisting the persons with disability to competently cope with the new technology. The following year, therefore, congress enacted an act to be able to ensure this objective. However, in the recognition that the first act was majorly based on the provision of disability friendly structures and building plans and provision of basic aid materials and implements such as wheel chairs, there was need for review especially to capture the area of technological assistance. It is in the light of

Professional Rights and Obligations in Real estate Essay

Professional Rights and Obligations in Real estate - Essay Example UK government control over property valuers is very limited and through the Estate Agents Act 1979 and through the Property Misdescriptions Act 1991, there is some control over the brokerage process. The 1991 Act was intended to thwart property development companies and estate agents from making deceptive statements about property. In actual parlance, both the above-mentioned Acts neither control the property valuation nor offers strong control over the process. (Sayce et al 2006:32). For doing the estate agency business in England and Wales, there is necessity to obtain any licence. However, a bankrupt cannot be a estate agent or if the Office of the Fair Trading declare that an individual is debarred from acting as an estate agent, if they had received many complaints about any individual about the style in which he might have carried out his business in the past.(Carter2008:262). The judge in Antonelli v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry,1997 employed his diplomacy regardi ng the elucidation of the word† violence† in the background of the Estate Agent’s Act 1979. ... However, in appeal by the defendant to the Court of Appeals, the defendant argued that on having some doubts about the residential nature of the house, he enquired with the vendor who confirmed that he had obtained a residential permission for that house. The Court of Appeals held that the real estate agent chiefly focused on skill and his own experience in determining and the Court of Appeal found that it was wholly proper. Estate agents are under obligation not to make any false statement in their dealings. In McMeekin v Long1 , it was held that an estate agent should disclose the details of any dispute existing with an antagonistic neighbour and concealment of such information would result in false statement. An estate is under obligation not to involve in any misleading statement. In Atlantic Estates Plc v Ezekiel2, where a property auction details included a photo of exhibiting people leaving or entering a premise as a bar whereas in reality, the tenant’s licence was exha usted and the said property was no longer was used to run the cocktail or wine bar. In Gordon v Selico Co Ltd3, it was held that the action of a builder to cover up the signs of upcoming of dry rot just before advertising the property in the market was held to be false and misleading statement. Liabilities The main objective of the Property Misdescriptions Act 1991 was to establish a new kind of strict liability criminal offence emanating from statements made about property. Section 1(1) of the above Act states: â€Å"Where a deceptive or phony statement about a prescribed matter is made in the course of an estate agency business, the individual who made such statement shall be liable to be punished as an offence under this

The Effect of a Global Oil Shortage on the US Economy Essay Example for Free

The Effect of a Global Oil Shortage on the US Economy Essay Oil is a very important 21st century product. It is a vital source of energy, an irreplaceable transport fuel, and an essential raw material in many manufacturing processes. Crude oil is a source of great economic power. Since its production cost in many places is far below its selling price in world markets, the ownership and control of oil reserves have been a means by which great wealth has been earned and lost (Deffeyes, 2001). Oil has become the world’s most important internationally traded item in both volume and value terms and changes in this trade have had enormous financial, political and socio-cultural repercussions on the parties involved. Wars, revolutions and mass migrations are perhaps only the most visible manifestation of oil shortages. The purpose of this study is to explore what implications a global oil shortage would have for the US economy. Toward this end we will scrutinize the economic valuables being influenced by oil supply, analyze the ability of the US to meet domestic demand as well as extent of oil–dependence of the country, and make the conclusion. There are three major players in the global oil marketplace – the consuming countries, the producer countries and the international oil industry which mediates between them (Cleaver, 2002). The three biggest consumers in 2000 were: the United States (18. 7 million barrels per day), the European Union (13. 3 million barrels per day) and Japan (5. 5 million barrels per day). As a group the OECD countries exert most pressure on world markets, since they have the highest incomes yet produce insufficient oil to satisfy their own needs. OECD countries consume 62. 4 per cent of the world’s oil, yet produce only 28. 1 per cent (Cleaver, 2002, p. 169). Could the US Produce Oil Supply Sufficient to Satisfy Own Needs? The US has always been a significant producer but its mature oilfields have been in slow, steady decline since the mid-1980s. But perhaps of greater importance is that the country holds some 2. 8 per cent of the world’s reserves volume and, in addition, its oil is not cheap to produce. For instance, in 1985 Saudi oil was estimated to cost less than US$1 a barrel to extract, compared with $7-$8 for Alaska and the North Sea (Cleaver, 2002, p. 181). Thus, the US cannot drill its way to petroleum self-sufficiency in the long run, or to lower gas prices in the short run. Even if Congress opened the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling tomorrow, the oil would not begin to flow very soon. The US Geological Service estimates 3. 2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil lie beneath the refuge – enough to meet the nations current demand just for six months. At peak production, the refuge would meet about 2 percent of the nations projected petroleum demand (Stanke, 2002, p. 912). Tapping the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, or bringing a new arctic field on line, would not change the US fundamental energy outlook: continuing growth in demand, declining domestic production and increasing dependence on imported oil (Chapman Khanna, 2000). What Implications the Global Oil Shortage Would Have on the US Economy The implications of oil shortages spread throughout the industrialized world, causing classic microeconomic reallocation of resources. Oil supply and prices affect decisions to invest billions of dollars in different industrial projects: whether to build major highways or rail networks trains or electric cars; offshore drilling platforms or nuclear power stations. Oil shortages also affect macroeconomic variables such as the levels of national incomes, aggregate spending and the balance of payments. The enormous sums involved affect countries’ rates of economic growth, levels of international debt and the overall functioning of the world’s financial system (Hunt, Isard Laxton, 2002). As Deffeyes (2001) ascertains, the coming oil shortage cannot be avoided. He suggests that U. S. political leaders, the news media, and the public are either unaware of or uninterested in the problem, although detailed reports forecasting the peak in world oil production have appeared in many scientific journals. The US oil industry itself maintains its focus on such issues as improving technology, drilling deeper for oil, finding new reserves, and accelerating production. None of these measures can have a significant impact on the coming oil shortage, argues Deffeyes (2001). He forecasts that a permanent drop in oil production will begin within current decade. Deffeyes (2001) argues that the list of fundamental activities is short: agriculture, ranching, forestry, fisheries, mining, and petroleum (p. 159), thus, a permanent drop in oil production will pull one of the blocks out from underneath the pyramid. If Deffeyes is right, the implications are enormous. He anticipates that sharply higher oil prices will bring difficult economic, social, and political passages for those societies most dependent on oil, especially on imported oil (Deffeyes, 2001), as the US is. Exporters will charge top dollar: a gigantic windfall for the Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other big oil producers. He implies that the tumult will be greater than that occasioned by the oil price hikes of 1973 and 1979 (Kohl, 2005). Three things could upset Deffeyes prediction: the discovery of huge new oil deposits, development of drilling technology that could squeeze more oil from known reserves, and a steep rise in oil prices, which would make it profitable to recover even the most stubbornly buried oil (Cleaver, 2002). Previous oil shocks have all followed periods of strong economic demand, accelerating inflation from higher levels than prevail currently, a weak dollar at least in terms of the major foreign currencies, actual or threatened cuts or disruptions in oil production, and hostilities in the Middle East. Yet each episode also exhibited some unique features that aggravated the oil price increases (Little, 2001). For instance, an examination of the US postwar quarterly GNP data shows a slowdown in GNP growth after the oil crisis in 1973. Scholars consider the slowdown in growth after the 1973 oil crisis as an event external to the domestic economy (Zivot Andrews, 2002, p. 25). But, it seems reasonable to regard the formation of the OPEC as an exogenous event, there were other big events such as the 1964 tax cut, the Vietnam War, and the financial deregulation in the 1980s that could also be viewed as possible exogenous structural breakpoints (Zivot Andrews, 2002). Nevertheless, the financial world has reorganized since 1980. Effects of oil shortages and subsequent price rises, during the late 1970s, took months to years to spread from industry to industry; from price increases to wage demands. In the new economy, the shock of an oil price rise will spread in milliseconds (Deffeyes, 2001). Moreover, recent rising gas prices are a signal that the consequences of relying on imported oil will become harder to bear (Tonn, 2004). Petroleum is priced in dollars, and the value of the dollar has declined steeply against major currencies If oil were priced in euros or yen, the price per barrel would appear more stable. The American appetite for imported oil may end the dollars privileged status as the leading currency of trade (Kohl, 2005). The great oil dependence of the US economy could be shortened by means of more extensive use of nuclear energy, but unfortunately the US failed to take full advantage of this kind energy for political reasons. While nuclear-power plants are large capital investments, once those costs are sunk the marginal cost of nuclear fuel is very low-currently corresponding to about $4 per barrel of oil (Miniter, 1991, p. 37). Volatility of oil prices during the oil shortage will be aggravated by the unusually large imbalances between the US supply and demand associated partly with the recent unexpectedly rapid global growth. Over the medium term, moreover, the long lag times between decisions to drill new wells or build new refineries and increased supplies of petroleum products can amplify these instabilities (Cleaver, 2002). For instance, recent estimates by the OECD suggest that even a $10 increase in the price of oil maintained for a year is likely to add 0. to 1 percentage point to overall consumer price inflation and to cut 0. 2 to 0. 5 percentage point from output growth in the major industrial countries within two years after the oil shock (Little, 2001, p. 6). Economists have proposed a variety of mechanisms linking oil price increases with economic downturns. These include terms-of-trade shocks, negative productivity shocks, shifts in relative prices that may induce a costly reallocation of resources across sectors, and the monetary policy response to the increased price pressures. In the case of a terms-of-trade shock, an oil price increase acts like an excise tax – with a major part of the income gains going to foreign oil producers (Cleaver, 2002). The global oil shortage also would have an impact on the wages in all the US industries. Economists propose an efficiency-wage model in which an increase in the real price of oil resulting from oil shortage, as an important input price, leads to a decline in real wages as firms seek to avoid losses. They find that real oil prices and real interest rates explain the overall path of U. S. nemployment from 1979 to 1995 reasonably well (Hunt, Isard Laxton, 2002). Rotemberg and Woodford in 1996 presented related evidence that introducing a modest degree of imperfect competition in product markets considerably magnifies the impact of oil price changes on real wages and output beyond what might have been expected given oils relatively small role in the US economy (as cited in Little, 2001, p. 9). This would have an enormous negative impact especially on the small and medium–sized enterprises which contribute largely to the US GNP and are major contributors of new jobs using more labour-intensive production. They will have to shut manufacturing units and discharge workers because of the surging costs of electricity. But some factors testify that the picture is not despairing. Thus, increased energy efficiency, robust economic conditions, enhanced central bank credibility, and stable inflation expectations in the US suggest that the impact of possible global oil shortage in the nearest future will be more muted and manageable than in previous oil shocks (Tonn, 2004). Conclusion The discussed above demonstrates that the implications of the global oil shortage for the US would be very negative in many sectors of its economy due to substantial dependence of the country on the oil import, impossibility to satisfy domestic demand by own oil resources, recent weakening of the US dollar and poor progress in developing alternative sources of energy. The United States can restrain oil demand as a matter of public policy, or wait for rising prices to force consumers to cut back. Now the country has chosen the latter course by default. The efforts of the US public to swing energy policy in the direction of renewable kinds of energy are blocked by the Bush Administration and its fossils fuel industry supporters. Thus, the USA remains vulnerable to oil supply and price shocks. One implication is that current US policy, in promoting still heavier investment in fossil fuels, is misguided. If we dont shift away from oil, we may as well gift-wrap the entire budget surplus and send it to the oil producing countries – Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other. As Deffeyes (2001) reasonably ascertains, rather than have the crisis sneak up on us, we can see it coming and initiate some of the long lead-time projects in advance. Forewarned is forearmed (p. 187).

Chamique Holdsclaw :: essays research papers

Chamique Holdsclaw is a star on the rise. And considering the height she has already achieved, that's saying something. In her debut collegiate season, Holdsclaw's play sent ripples through the basketball community. Three years later, the ripples have turned into tsunami-sized waves. As a Tennessee freshman, Holdsclaw opened eyes when she scored a team-high 16 points against the 1995-96 USA Women's National Team on Nov. 22, 1995, then helped the Lady Vols to the 1996 NCAA crown. Making it a perfect three-for-three after winning it all again in 1997 and 1998, Holdsclaw earned 1997 and 1998 NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player honors for her stellar play. Holdsclaw, as a college junior to be, tried out for and was selected for USA Basketball's 1997 World Championship Qualifying team. Despite being surrounded by 11 professionals during the summer of 97, and despite her lack of international experience, it was Holdsclaw's first trip out of the country, she more then proved herself to USA head coach Nell Fortner and the veteran players like Edna Campbell, Teresa Edwards, and Katie Smith. Finishing as the team's leading scorer and rebounder, Holdsclaw numbers sparkled - 19.0 ppg. and 6.2 rpg. Helping the U.S. to 12-1 pre-competition record then the silver medal and a berth in the 98 World Championships, she had left her mark. While in Brazil at the qualifying tournament, Holdsclaw celebrated her 20th birthday by giving USA coach Fortner a memorable gift. Scoring 32 points (12-14 FGs, 8-8 FTs) and adding seven rebounds, she led the USA to a hard-fought 94-90 victory over Cuba in the semifinals. Throughout the summer, Holdsclaw learned from four-time Olympian Edwards, perhaps one of the best players ever to play for USA Basketball. During the squad's pre-competition tour of Canada, Germany and Slovakia, Holdsclaw and Edwards were roommates, but about halfway through the tour, rooming assignments were to be switched around. Upon hearing that the rooming assignments were going to change, she asked Fortner to let Edwards and her continue to room together. How could Fortner deny her leading scorer? "Last summer, Chamique was surrounded by great players like Teresa Edwards. I think they were really good for each other, the grand dame' and the rookie. She brought some excitement to Teresa, who in turn gave some wisdom to Chamique. She played all over the world, leading the team in scoring and rebounding the whole time. Chamique Holdsclaw :: essays research papers Chamique Holdsclaw is a star on the rise. And considering the height she has already achieved, that's saying something. In her debut collegiate season, Holdsclaw's play sent ripples through the basketball community. Three years later, the ripples have turned into tsunami-sized waves. As a Tennessee freshman, Holdsclaw opened eyes when she scored a team-high 16 points against the 1995-96 USA Women's National Team on Nov. 22, 1995, then helped the Lady Vols to the 1996 NCAA crown. Making it a perfect three-for-three after winning it all again in 1997 and 1998, Holdsclaw earned 1997 and 1998 NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player honors for her stellar play. Holdsclaw, as a college junior to be, tried out for and was selected for USA Basketball's 1997 World Championship Qualifying team. Despite being surrounded by 11 professionals during the summer of 97, and despite her lack of international experience, it was Holdsclaw's first trip out of the country, she more then proved herself to USA head coach Nell Fortner and the veteran players like Edna Campbell, Teresa Edwards, and Katie Smith. Finishing as the team's leading scorer and rebounder, Holdsclaw numbers sparkled - 19.0 ppg. and 6.2 rpg. Helping the U.S. to 12-1 pre-competition record then the silver medal and a berth in the 98 World Championships, she had left her mark. While in Brazil at the qualifying tournament, Holdsclaw celebrated her 20th birthday by giving USA coach Fortner a memorable gift. Scoring 32 points (12-14 FGs, 8-8 FTs) and adding seven rebounds, she led the USA to a hard-fought 94-90 victory over Cuba in the semifinals. Throughout the summer, Holdsclaw learned from four-time Olympian Edwards, perhaps one of the best players ever to play for USA Basketball. During the squad's pre-competition tour of Canada, Germany and Slovakia, Holdsclaw and Edwards were roommates, but about halfway through the tour, rooming assignments were to be switched around. Upon hearing that the rooming assignments were going to change, she asked Fortner to let Edwards and her continue to room together. How could Fortner deny her leading scorer? "Last summer, Chamique was surrounded by great players like Teresa Edwards. I think they were really good for each other, the grand dame' and the rookie. She brought some excitement to Teresa, who in turn gave some wisdom to Chamique. She played all over the world, leading the team in scoring and rebounding the whole time.

Human Organ Donation Opinion Paper Essay

Organ Transplants Everyday there are horrific accidents where people become so damaged that their organs fail to work. Or their organs have just had enough abuse and decide that it’s time to give up. Well this can all be fixed using organs from other people who have died but their organs or that one particular organ is intact because they died of other causes. Organ transplanting is so great that some people have even taken it into their own hands to sell and transplant organs, which is not the best way to do this. Organ transplanting has changed the world for the best, however, some may ask why organ transplanting or what are the benefits to this? Well there are many benefits! First thing to know is that there are several different types of transplants. These include heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and all the major organs. If one is suffering from a deadly heart disease or has a failing heart, and regular surgery and standard therapy no longer apply, the doctors can now implant a new heart so the patient has more time to live their life. How cool is that?! This procedure can be done with almost every organ in the human body! If you are wondering why you need to know this, it’s because you do. Someday it may be you on that operation table receiving a new lung or a new heart. The truth is everyone is a possible target for organ failure and if you are more aware of what is happening around you, maybe you will be more understanding when it possibly happens to you. There are alternatives however. One may be, as far out as this may sound, a criminal who has been injured in a heist. He may not want to go to the hospital because he will be seen and caught. Therefore he turns to the black market for organs. Though the organs here are a little more unsanitary, they can be implanted in a makeshift operation room. The reason there is an organ black market is due to the sole fact that people want money. They will sell their unneeded organs (kidneys for example) for money. And if you live in the slums of Brazil, where the majority of the organs come from, the money can be a life saver, even if it is only 6,000 to 10,000 dollars. Do not get it into your mind that only criminals use the black market, leaving out the fact that the black market is illegal and using it makes you a criminal. People living in countries with no pre-paid health care system may not have enough money to go to a hospital and pay ridiculous amounts of money for a new organ. This is when they turn their back on the hospital and turn to the black market, who is welcoming them with open arms. If that person doesn’t mind something a little more unsterile then a hospital, then the black market is the right place for them. However they are now criminals because the black market is illegal. The black market also will buy out some criminally minded funeral homes and carve up the bodies for some extra skin tissue or some of the organs. This is one of the reasons why the black market illegal. In conclusion, I think that the idea of carving up dead bodies without consent is wrong, but I do believe that people who are alive and wanting to sell a kidney should be allowed to do so. So basically I think that the black market is not such a bad thing but some people take it too far and those are the people who should pay for their crimes. References Canadian Society of Transplantation. (n.d.). Canadian Society of Transplantation. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://www.transplant.ca/pubinfo_organtrans.htm Canadian Transplant Society | Canada Transplant. (n.d.). Canadian Transplant Society | Canada Transplant. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://www.cantransplant.ca/ Organ and Tissue Transplantation and Alternatives by BCC Research in Blood Supply, Tissue Banking, Transplantation, United States. (n.d.). MarketResearch.com – Market Research Reports – Business and Industry Analysis. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://www.marketresearch.com/BCC-Research-v374/Organ-Tissue-Transplantation-Alternatives-6122367/ Scheve, T. (n.d.). HowStuffWorks â€Å"The Organ Black Market†. HowStuffWorks â€Å"Science†. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/organ-donation7.htm

Site-to-Site Connectivity Scenario Essay

I am troubleshooting replication between the Main Office and Branch Office 1. It seems that changes to user object attributes take a very long time to propagate or do not propagate at all. I am not sure when replication is supposed to occur and have no idea where to begin testing? Do you have any recommendations, any suggested steps to help me narrow down the problem? Thank you! Junior Admin Good morning Junior Admin I’m sorry about the trouble you are having. Active Directory replication by default is ‘pull’ rather than ‘push’, meaning that replicas pull changes from the server where the change was effected. Because this is an Inter-site set up the replication traffic is going to be higher. You can use Performance Monitor, Event Log, or Network Monitor to check how much traffic you are having. The time required to replicate directory data between domain controllers is known as the replication latency. Replication latency can vary depending on the number of domain controllers, the number of sites, the available bandwidth between sites, replication frequency, and more. Active Directory automatically builds the most efficient intersite replication topology using information you provide through Active Directory Sites and Services about your site connections. The directory stores this information as site link objects. One domain controller per site is assigned to build the topology; this is called the intersite topology generator. The intersite replication topology is updated regularly to respond to any changes that occur in the network. You can control intersite replication through the information you provide when you create your site links. By monitoring replication regularly you will be able to determine the normal replication latency on your network. With that information, you can easily determine if a problem is occurring. You can also manually force the replication by  running repadmin /syncall /AdeP or use AD sites and services console. You can adjust the frequency to match with your specific needs. Be aware that increasing this frequency increases the amount of bandwidth used by replication. I would also recommend that you run dcdiag /q and repadmin /replsum to check the health of DC and replication status in case if errors are reported post the logs. I hope this helps. Let me know if you have any other questions. IT Admin

The Pros and Cons of Fracking essays

The Pros and Cons of Fracking essays Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) has become a widespread process with companies trying to benefit from the newly developed method for extracting oil and natural gas from wells that were once thought tapped. North America uses the technique more than any other country (85%) however the method of fracking is spreading quickly (CNN). The fracking process brings new life to old wells by using pressurized water mixed with a few chemicals (1%) and sand, which are forced down a well to create small fractures in the well (TTaF). Once the fissures are open the sand from the solution provides filler to keep the cracks open so the shale can be extracted. During the extraction process usually, about twenty percent of the used water is then recycled and reused at the next extraction site (Grottenthaler). There has been a lot of controversy over fracking with many people protesting against it. In the Marcellus Shale especially they say that the method of fracking causes drinking water to be contaminated. Pennsylvania residents say seventy-five percent of the sampled wells within one kilometer of the wells were highly contaminated with methane (Howarth). The main complaints are that of methane that seeps into the aquifers below the surface and coming out the tap. Researchers say that it is not the actual fracking process, but from wells that have been built incorrectly (TTaF). Another complaint is the amount of salt output of a typical well. A single well produces more salt per well then a common state would use for icy roads for over a decade. In turn, the massive cost that comes with the treatment and disposal of the tainted water and abundance of salt that has to be transported on trucks creating more and more emissions. Considering that there is an average of five hundred trucks that are needed per good completion, the disposal process is a highly intensive and expensive process (Glanville). Experts say that even though there have been many...

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications

Biceps Tendon Rupture With Post-operative Complications Locomotor PBL Experiment Writeup Introduction In this PBL, we observe a case of biceps tendon rupture with post-operative complication of heterotopic ossification. We will first go through the anatomy of the upper limb followed by a discussion of the ruptured biceps tendon, heterotopic ossification and finally mode of action of indomethacin. Learning Objectives 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist 2. The neurovascular supply to the upper limb 3. Movements possible at joints of upper limb and the range of movements possible with regards to the elbow and wrist and the muscles that bring about these actions. 4. Rupture of distal biceps tendon 5. Heterotopic ossification 6. Mode of action of Indomethacin 1. Osteology of the upper limb with emphasis on the elbow and wrist Arm The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the arm region connecting the shoulder to the forearm. Proximally, the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the sca pula forming the glenohumeral joint. Distally the humerus articulates with the two bones of the forearm, the ulna and radius. The humerus is shown in more detail in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Humerus (1) For Anil’s case we will focus several prominent features on the distal region of the humerus which forms part of the elbow. There are two projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus which are the medial and lateral epicondyle. The medial epicondyle protects the ulnar nerve which passes just posteriorly and also serves as the attachment site for the forearm superficial flexor muscles. The lateral epicondyle conversely is the attachment site for the forearm extensor muscles. Anteriorly in between these two epicondyles are two articular surfaces: the round surfaced lateral capitulum which articulates with the radius and the spool shaped medial trochlea which articulates with the ulna. Also anteriorly, the radial fossa directly above the capitulum accommodates the h ead of the radius during flexion of the elbow whereas the coronoid fossa directly above the trochlea accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the elbow. Both the radial and coronoid fossa limit flexion of the elbow. Posteriorly, the olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension of the elbow. The olecranon fossa prevents hyperextension of the elbow. Forearm The forearm is made up of two bones: ulna and radius. Proximally both of these bones articulate with the humerus whereas distally only the radius directly articulates with the carpals of the wrist thus connecting the arm to the wrist. The ulna and radius are shown in figure 2 below. Figure 2 Radius and Ulna (1) The ulna The ulna is the stabilizing bone of the forearm and is medial and longer of the two bones. There is a projection anteriorly at the proximal end called the coronoid process which fits into the coronoid fossa during elbow extension. Posteriorly on the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon process (which forms the prominence of the elbow) which fits into the olecranon fossa during elbow extension. The articular surface between the olecranon and the coronoid articulates with the trochlear of the humerus and gives the movements of elbow extension and flexion.

The Courtroom and The Courthouse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Courtroom and The Courthouse - Essay Example A 'Witness' also plays an important role in presenting facts about the case that can help the lawyers and the judge to reach a logical conclusion. The law gives right to a victim to file a complaint against the offender. Victim initiates a case and hires a lawyer to give legal advice and represent him in the court. A victim is obliged to present authentic data and facts to ensure a fair trial. He has the right to protection against further harm, to live with dignity, and to get compensation for damages. Lawyer is a person licensed to practice law (Black's dictionary, 6th Edition). A lawyer is the most vocal actor in the courtroom and implements legal activities on behalf of his clients (victim or defendant). His role begins with an intake interview (Zwier & Bocchini, 2000) where he understands the client's case and aspirations and communicates the legal possibilities, scope, and procedures to the client. He then conducts extensive research to draft various legal papers and oral arguments to represent the client's case. Most importantly, a lawyer provides in-person representation of his client and provides Oral argument at courts or other legal proceeding to support the case in hand. Apart from communicating with his client and the Judge he needs to cross examine and question the opposite party and the witnesses to bring out important facts in the court. He sometimes even communicates with the other party lawyers to negotiate outside the court. Role of a Defendant A defendant is a person who has been accused of violating a law or against whom a criminal complaint has been filed by a victim/ plaintiff. A defendant is treated innocent and cannot be convicted unless the court of law proves him guilty. He has the right to appoint a lawyer to represent him and give him legal advice. He can put forth evidences, remain silent if needed, and also cross examine the victim's witnesses. Role of a Witness A witness is a person, who has first hand knowledge of the crime, who is often called in a court trial to testify an important consideration related to the crime. He is required to swear and reproduce authentic facts that can steer the judgment of a trial. He is subjected to 'Direct examination and 'Cross examination'. Direct examination is done by the party (lawyer) who the witness represents to elicit evidences to support the case. Cross examination is conducted by the

Review of a memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review of a memoir - Essay Example In her previous years, she was used to eating sea slugs in summers. This was however a practice that she only did during this time in another region. Moving to other regions would teach her various ways of living with diverse culture. Encountering a change in eating diets changed her way of viewing life since they were different altogether. Meanwhile, during her stay, she found herself in a soap opera as a fearless Jiexy, who was aggressive and sexy altogether. During these acting sessions, she was exposed to a number of challenges. First, she is acting in another country where the people use a different language and have different way of life. With such prevalent situations, she was forced to cope up with the language and way of life. Though this was a hard task, she seemed to be well prepared to tackle this challenge. Secondly, she was not familiar with the culture of this place. Therefore, the change in culture would be a setback in her acting career. This was a stage where she ha d to engage with the new culture to make the possible moves that would be relevant to the soap opera in china. Though she was finding it hard to cope with the china culture, she was excellent in the acting career (DeWoskin 10). Thirdly, she had a challenge in merging the two cultures. On one hand, she had to act a role in a soap opera, which displayed the Chinese culture. ... This is similar to a person that is living a double life. People that live double lives have to make sure they make possible changes to remain relevant at any given point. Otherwise, if they do not change their way of life and culture at different points, they are not likely to remain relevant. For instance, when acting in a Chinese soap opera, the actors should display the Chinese culture and all other aspects that are closely related to the Chinese culture. Similarly, she will have to stick to the culture she has been interacting with all these rime. However, copying the other culture without becoming relevant it will not show impressive results especially to the concerned parties. Apparently, she learned the new ways of living and the different cultures in a short while and was excellent in living in between two cultures that are explicitly different (DeWoskin 11). Though she was used to the Chinese culture, there are some instances that displayed bizarre incidence. For instance, companies in the country were in large numbers while consumerisms were highly adored. In deeper insights, DeWoskin is interested on how the Chinese view foreign women. Similarly, she is interested on how Chinese men view the foreigners in their country. For instance, it is explicitly seen that there is a tendency of Chinese men seducing foreign women in the country. With such instances, it is clear that the Chinese men are in love with the outside world and would wish to be associated with such kinds. Similarly, Chinese masses would wish to see the foreigners dressed in coats with fur, shining jewelry and suggestive dresses. This is the notion that is created in China as they would wish to see foreigners that are dressed in fur coats,

Economics Race and Gender in the Economics of Women, Men, and Work Assignment

Economics Race and Gender in the Economics of Women, Men, and Work - Assignment Example The book gives out the various challenges they face. The book also analyzes different rationales that assist the workers through the Government and Employer Policies. The book further gives the various policies that are applied to the rationalization of the workers. The families leave and childcare is well analyzed in the chapter. The family leave is termed to be paid and it is being discussed as per the locations. The program is well discussed by giving out the various requirements a worker needs to acquire the paid leave. The book also explains how the leave assists the workers giving them enough time to take care of their loved ones. Childcare is also discussed in details giving examples. The book states the various regulations and backgrounds required in the child care programs. The importance of the childcare is also given stating the program to be responsible for administering the licenses required for the child care in different states in the United States and other countries. The book gives an analysis of various differences in gender all over the world giving out various examples. The gap across the cultures is also discussed opening gender stereotypes. The book further explains giving different indicators that predict the economic status of women. The book analyzes the various indicators in countries like United Status and how they empower women in other developing countries. The book further compiles all the social indicators in the situation of women. The labor force participation is also discussed in the book along with the occupation. The book also briefly gives the Bureau of labor statistics with the Labor Force Participation Rate. The women in the labor force are also discussed including the databook statistics of 2013. Women are further grouped in terms of hours worked, unemployment classes. The earning is also discussed over the CBO projects along with the working age.

Differences Between Spice And CMMI Information Technology Essay

Differences Between Spice And CMMI Information Technology Essay Software quality is increasingly becoming a necessity with growing number of firms dependent on IT infrastructure and mission critical softwares for their business processes. The capability maturity model and SPICE have been the two most comprehensive models for software process development that have resulted in a robust system for improving development process (Marshall, Mitchell 2004). A lot of applications have been developed with the use of such models. However, in spite of a lot of differences between the two models, there has been little focus on the key differences between the two models. While the capability maturity model is the best known software process improvement, the ISO/IEC 15004 is a suite of standards that are expected to affect the continuous evolvement of Software CMM (Paulk 1999). In this essay, the basic aim is thus to lay down the primary and secondary differences between the two maturity models in SPICE and CMMI. Further, through diagrammatic representations, the paper tries to list out the key differences between the models. CMMI: The capability maturity model (more popularly known as CMM) had its origins from a book published in 1989 by Watts Humphrey in his book Managing the Software Process. The basic theme behind the capability maturity model integrated (CMMI) is process improvement (Glazer et al 2008). It must be understood that CMMI is a process model and not a process standard. CMMI consists of process oriented activities that can be used collectively to attain the process area and business goals of an organization. CMMI practices are also meant to encourage organizations to use other process models based on the organizations need and practices. Primary Attributes of CMMI: The capability maturity model has certain primary attributes associated with it. It has been observed by Hoggerl M and Sehorz (2006) that process area, goals and practices are the three key concepts of CMMI. As stated earlier, the CMMi is a list of pre-defined processes that are stated under CMMI. According to the authors (Hoggerl Serhorz), the CMMI consists of 25 specific process areas within the development processes. Primary attributes of CMMI according to these researchers are thus process management, project management and engineering and support (Hoggerl Sehorz 2006). There are five basic maturity levels defined in the CMMI model. These are detailed in the table below Software CMM Maturity Model Description 1. Initial Software processes characterized at this level are ad-hoc and occasionally chaotic. At this stage, very few processes are defined and the success of the processes depends on the individual efforts and heroics 2. Repeatable The process management processes are defined at this stage. They are basic in nature and are generally derived from earlier successes 3. Defined The software process for both the management and execution are defined and are well documented during this phase 4. Managed Detailed measures for the evaluation of the software processes 5. Optimizing Continuous improvement processes are carried out using quantitative feedback from the process and from piloting of innovative ideas Table 1. CMMI Maturity Stages Secondary Attributes of CMMI: Within the primary attribute of project management, the authors Hoggerl Sehorz (2006) suggest that there are some processes which are specific in nature. These are referred to as the secondary attributes of CMMI. Some of the common secondary attributes include planning, monitoring, supplier management and team management. Within process management too, there are certain secondary attributes. Organizational focus, definition, training and innovation are some of the common secondary attributes that can be placed under the process management criterion. The engineering section of the CMMI model has a lot of scope for improvements. Thus, the secondary attributes under this section are vital to the process improvement. Some of the secondary attributes under the engineering section include requirement management, integration, verification and validation (Hoggerl Sehorz 2006). Within the support section (primary attribute of CMMI), there are some secondary attributes too. These include con figuration management, quality assurance, decision analysis and organizational environment (Hoggerl Sehorz 2006). The entire set of attributes is better presented in the composite features diagram shown below. For understanding a composite feature diagram, it must be noted that the maturity of a software process is best understood in five different levels. Although these levels vary from organization to organization, they can still be generalized as initial, repeatable, defined, managed and optimized (M, Paulk. M, Konrad. S, Garcia.1995;M, Paulk.1999). During the initial level, the processes are not ordered. During this stage the processes are chaotic and mostly depend upon the individual efforts. As per its name, the repeatable processes repeats itself; the success of earlier processes. Therefore, Paulk et al (1999) states that the defined maturity levels in the whole process go through the standards policies to fulfill the process. A proper documented plan of action is one of the most important aspects in the completion of a defined maturity model. However, the managed maturity models are tested quantitatively for the processes and product quality (M, Paulk. M, Konrad. S, Garcia.1995; M, Paulk.1999). The optimized maturity models are concentrated on innovation and continuous improvements through feedback mechanisms. A look at the advantages and disadvantages of CMMI model would be in line with the above discussions. Advantages of CMMI: CMMI has a number of benefits. According to Konrad, Shrum and Chrisis (2003), the CMMI model provides a good coverage for the average product life cycle than any other process improvement products when they are used alone. Moreover, CMMI can be integrated with any of the other software improvement models and can be implemented to provide robust functionalities. Although the main focus of CMMI was on product and service engineering, it was also built to provide enterprise-wide process improvement (Chrissis, Konrad, and Shrum 2003). Disadvantages of CMMI: Even though CMMI provides with a lot of functionalities for robust functioning, it is still not easy to implement within organizations. CMMI is not a process; it is rather the characteristics defined that should be present within an ideal process. Thus, the problem with process improvement is not that of a missing standard but to implement the standard in the perspective of the organization (M, Niazi. D, Wilson, D, Zowghi.2003). Since CMMI does not provide the actual implementation steps, it is not advisable to use in certain scenarios. Diagram 1. CFD For CMMI With such a brief description of CMMI, the concepts about the model are made clear. The next section of the paper discusses about the SPICE or the ISO/IEC 15504 process maturity model. SPICE: (ISO/IEC 15504): The SPICE model also known as the ISO/IEC 15504 is an emerging international standard on software process assessment that defines the number of software engineering processes and scales them to measure their capability (Emam, Birk 1999). The basic difference between the CMMI and SPICE is that while CMMI is a model consisting of steps that might be required in an ideal software process; SPICE is a standard for software process implementation that needs to be followed. The emerging ISO/IEC 15504 international standard is an attempt made to harmonize the existing assessment of models that are in the common use. It is an European model that is based on the quantitative score of assessment associated with the performance of the organization or the project (Emam Birk 1999). A software process assessment (SPA) provides a quantitative score that reflects the organizations or projects implementation of the best practices as defined in the assessment model. Thus, the more number of best practi ces that are adopted the more higher the quantitative score is expected to be. This score obtained from the baseline current implementation provides a perfect framework for making process improvement decisions and also serves as a means of tracking improvement efforts. Attributes of SPICE: SPICE model is based on five different processes. These processes were created in different nationalities and became accepted internationally. The five processes are customer-supplier, engineering, supporting, management and organization. Each of these processes has a capability level on which it is marked quantitatively. These levels begin from 0 to 5 ranging from incomplete process (0) to an optimized process (5). These processes are further marked using what is called as process attributes. It is the base premise of the software process assessment that the resultant quantitative scores are the predictors of the performance of the project or the organization that is assessed. In all, there are nine attributes in SPICE. As with CMMI, the nine process attributes are linked with the five processes. The nine attributes are Process Performance Performance Management Work Product Management Process Definition Process Deployment Process Measurement Process Control Process Innovation Process  Optimization. Similar to CMMI, the ISO/IEC 15004 has five process areas. These are known as levels. Each key process area is described in terms of its key practices that contribute to satisfying its goals and are allocated to produce common features. These key activities describe the specific function of the infrastructure and activities that contribute to produce the most effective implementation and institutionalization of the key process area (Paulk 1999). These five process areas are described in the table below Level Focus Key Process areas 5 Optimizing Continuous improvement Prevention of bugs, defects Technology Change Management Process Change Management 4 Managed Product process quality Quantitative process management, Software quality management 3 Defined Engineering organizational support Organization process focus, Training programs, Process definitions, Integrated software management, Peer reviews 2 Repeatable Project management processes Requirements Management, Software project planning, Project Tracking Oversight Quality Assurance, Subcontract Management, Configuration Management 1 Initial Competent people and heroics Adapted from: Paulk 1999 Diagram 2. CFD for SPICE: Differences between SPICE CMMI: SPICE CMMI Primary Attributes: SPICE model is more focused on Process Improvement. Primary Attributes: CMMI model is more generalized as it considers the organization as a whole Secondary Attributes: Acquire, supply, develop, operate, evolve, and supporting software processes. Secondary Attributes: Optimizing, managing, defining, re-using the software processes. SPICE is a European model CMMI is an American model Not much difference between the lead-assessor and the other members of the team. Every member of the team is responsible. Heavily depending on the lead assessor, CMM was the earlier version of CMMI. OO-Spice is the latest version of Spice. CMMI integrated Spice in one of its process. ISO/IEC 15504 model. SPI (Software Process Improvement) model Thus, the differences between the process maturity models have been highlighted. With these differences, it becomes easier to identify whether or not a particular model (like CMMI) or a standard (like SPICE) might be usable in a given organizations scenario. Ideal Model CFD: The attributes of both the CMMI and SPICE can be integrated to provide an ideal model for software development. This model is represented in the below diagram. Diagram 3. IDEAL CFD Conclusions Recommendations: Both SPICE and CMMI are said to improve software process development. While the CMMI is a set of standard processes that need to be carried out for the ideal software development process, SPICE is a standard that needs to be followed for effective implementation. Although there are some differences and similarities between the two models, both can be used in a combination to provide excellent software development process. The ideal CFD lists out the key processes that are a combination of both SPICE and CMMI that can be used in the software development lifecycle. Both SPICE and CMMI can be used in different circumstances and/or can be combined according to the organizations needs. After evaluation the advantages and disadvantages of both the models/standards, it can be said that both SPICE and CMMI can be used in a combination to provide the most efficient models for software development. These models can comprise of stages which are a combination of both the recommended models. Thes e combinations would depend according to the requirements of the organizations. For organizations with little time requirement, CMMI would be beneficial since it first maps timings and then plans the modules of the software development phase. On the other hand, if the organization seeks to achieving and maintaining a high standard of implementation that can bring a competitive edge, then it might want to involve more processes out of SPICE or the ISO/IEC 15004 standard. Therefore, the use of a particular model is dependent entirely on the needs and requirement analysis of the organization.