Teenage Drinking

Lots college students each year die in alcohol-related accidents both traffic crashes and other types of accidents. Students suffer injuries under the influence of alcohol. Not does Drinking cause accidents but also assaults and rapes. Alcohol interferes with academic performance too. About half of college students report academic consequences from their drinking, including missing class, falling behind, doing poorly on exams or papers, and receiving lower grades overall. Alcohol consumption poses problems not only for the drinking students themselves but also for their friends and fellow students and for a campus in general.Many of these things happen simply because people confuse myths with facts. As college students we can come together to change these things. We can help people realize what’s true and what’s not. I can still be in control! This not true because drinking does impairs your judgment, which increases the like-hood that you will do something you'll later regret such as having unprotected sex, being involved in date rape or some sort of assault, damaging others property like their car or house; or being harmed by others. Sometimes there is no physical damage its can be verbal.When you drink you tend to move and function slower than normal and your speech is slurred. These simple things can make a big difference. I'd be better off if I learn to â€Å"hold my liquor. † If you have to drink more and more large amounts of alcohol to get a buzz or get high, you are developing a tolerance for alcohol. This increases your chances of developing several serious problems, including alcoholism. People often say that they have a high tolerance for their alcohol which is why they can hold it better. That is not true.Your body has just gotten use to the alcohol and after so long you are going to want more than just those 3 beers that normally get you drunk. Now it could increase to 6 or 7 beers. I have to drink to fit in! Your peers don't drink as much as you think they do. Some college students only drink little or no alcohol on a weekly basis. Some people often think that they have to drink to have fun as well. If you have to drink to have fun than you’re not really having fun. People who get completely wasted at party are only doing it to fit in as well. They should just be themselves.

Describe and explain why the rainforest is being destroyed and what the effects of this are?

The rainforest in South America is a vital resource but it is being destroyed at a rate of 1/2 a million trees an hour. In this essay I aim to investigate why this is happening and the long term effects of it. Clearances for farming and ranching are being made but, without the knowledge that the natives have, they are being done in an unsustainable way. First, they remove the trees and burn them hoping to enhance the fertilization of the land. Secondly, grass seed is sown. In time the soil becomes infertile so the farmers either move or expand their land destroying even more forest. This continues in a circular pattern; neither forest nor farmer benefit. Underneath the rainforest many minerals are found. Mining companies start to mine for these, but when these run out the companies abandon the mine leaving a large, ugly scar in the rainforest. Commercial use of the river also destroys the rainforest. To provide energy for all the mines and farms etc. the river is dammed. In doing so it destroys millions of trees, killing animals which have made their homes in the vegetation and surrounding area. With the decomposing bodies of animals, the water soon becomes toxic and unsafe for human consumption. This directly affects the natives who use the water for drinking, washing and cleaning. Widespread rainforest clearance, mining of minerals and damming of rivers all affect the rainforest and most importantly the quality of soil. When trees are stripped away the soil's natural fertilization pattern is also destroyed: the soil becomes infertile very quickly. This means that rainforest that was once there can never be grown again. It is lost forever. The river water soon becomes polluted with toxins and also from the chemical waste from industries. The dam becomes clogged with sediment from the mines. Most of the wild life is killed when the trees are felled and the rivers dammed. The native people are pushed out of their homes by big businesses expanding the vast amounts of land they already have. A massive infrastructure project known as â€Å"Avanca Brasil† (Advance Brazil) threatens the very existence of the Amazon rainforest. The proposed project will upgrade and construct new roads into the interior of the Amazon basin; facilitating increased logging, mining and settlement. The project is likely to ensure final loss of the World's largest rainforest. Unchecked de-forestation and destruction of the Amazonian rainforest poses an ecological disaster both for Brazil and the rest of the world. With less rainforest to absorb CO2, there is a build up of CO2 in the atmosphere. This creates a â€Å"blanket† which traps more outgoing long-wave radiation causing the earth to warm up. This is known as â€Å"global warming†. Therefore de-forestation affects not only the natives but all of mankind. The issue of de-forestation is global in another context: capitalisation. For example, the cleared grassland may be used to raise cattle to supply beef for McDonalds. The impact of large capitalist, multi-national companies like McDonalds (also mineral and pharmaceutical industries) cannot be underestimated. Sustainability is a priority if we want to keep the rainforest. Sustainable farming methods, like those of the natives, should be used. Mining should be kept to a minimum and roads should be small and few. Logging should only be allowed in a sustainable way ensuring that new trees are planted to replace those which have been felled; the new trees must be planted within a certain amount of time before the fertilisation of the soil is lost. These simple steps should ensure that the small amount of existing rainforest remains.

Bilingual Education and Dual Language Programs

Bilingual Education and Dual Language Programs The most urgent of all educational challenges is not curriculum and instruction. It is the challenge of changing social/cultural relations through languages while simultaneously improving curriculum and instruction.† Dr. Henry G. Burger Ph.D. (Mazon, 1976). Schools in America are faced with a challenge; educating linguistically diverse students. Schools not only must accommodate large numbers of students from non-English language backgrounds, but must also cope with the linguistic diversity of their student bodies (McLeod, 1994). There is much controversy over the most effective way to teach literacy of standard language or languages for education in multilingual settings. In 2002 the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 was repealed and replaced with the English Acquisition Act. This emphasizes English rather than Bilingual instruction and encourages a rapid transition to English only instruction (Farver, 2009). By doing this we are not only losing history but more importantly ide ntity. For many students from a non-English language background, education in America is not a successful or enjoyable experience. Linguistic minority students do not perform as well in school as the linguistic majority group. Millions of public school student have limited English proficiency, and this number will continue to grow if drastic changes are not put in place. English language learners begin school behind fluent English speakers, they continue to fall behind in language and academic areas, if they do not catch up the results will most likely be outrageous. (Jost, 1) Children whose first language is other than English face considerable challenges in becoming literate and are at high risk for reading difficulties and low academic achievement. Spanish speaking students currently constitute the largest bilingual subgroup and are the fastest growing in English language learners (Farver, 2009). Rosalie Porter, Board member of the Center for Equal Opportunity states â€Å"Bili ngual Education is the least effective method for teaching English language learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦students would learn the English language rapidly and master school subjects taught in English.† The Supreme Court found â€Å"documented academic support for the view that structured English immersion is significantly more effective than traditional bilingual education† (Jost, 2009). Bilingual education should not be just the transitioning a student to a target language. It should not be just simply teaching subject matter in a foreign language. It is not teaching the first language to a non-English speaking child, nor is it just teaching English as a second language. While traditional Bilingual education, in the context of teaching non-English speaking people in both their native language and English, is considered to be failing, Dual language Bilingual education programs are emerging. Dual language is a type of Bilingual education program that helps students develop ful l literacy skills in English and another language. Dual language education or â€Å"two way immersion† has become increasingly popular in the United States. English-speaking children as well as minority language speaker learn together in the same classroom, with the goals of bilingualism, bi-literacy, cross-cultural understanding, and high academic achievement for all (Palmer, 2010). They key with dual language education is it has to start when the child is just beginning school. Dual language classrooms usually divide their days or weeks between the two languages of instruction, expecting all class members to interact in only one language at a time (Palmer, 2010). Moving between languages has been frowned upon and bilingual education had traditionally argued that languages should be kept separate in the learning and teaching of languages. This is considered separate bilingualism and is used as a means to not cross-language transfer (Creese, 2010).

Acquisition and Disposal of Land and Real Estate Essay

Acquisition and Disposal of Land and Real Estate - Essay Example The acquisition of land and real estate requires an official process that is based on risk analysis, and financial analysis.Real estate refers to things which are not movable for example land and improvements permanently attached to it. There is a difference between real estate and real property. The ownership rights that are associated with the real estate are called real property. During acquisition of real estate, the investor acquires the land, all the physical assets of the land and all the things which are permanently attached to it. The investor also gets property rights which include the right to control, occupy, develop, exploit, lease, improve, and sell the real estate.It is important to differentiate between real estate and real property because different parties have different rights on a given part of real estate. Property rights can also be described as the right of a person to use, dispose, possess and enjoy his property. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004)The value of real est ate is the total price that an individual is willing to pay so as to acquire the benefits associated with all the property rights. It is important to note that it is not necessary for a person to be the owner of the property so as to have rights to it. A person who rents a piece of land is not the owner but he has the exclusive right to use the land as he wishes for a certain period of time. In exchange for the right to use the land, the tenant/lessee is willing to pay a certain amount of money. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004) There are certain interests that an investor can acquire from a piece of property. An interest in real estate can be defined as a right or claim on property, production or its revenues. The interest in property is created by the possessor who can pledge the property in order to attain a certain objective with out giving up the property. An example of this is where a person pledges his land as security when he wants a loan from a bank. An easement is an interest in land whereby a person has the right to use the land leased for some special purpose. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004) The legal aspect of a real estate acquisition is very important. It can assist in knowing the benefits of other persons who have some rights over the property. Often conflict arises concerning the rights to be given to the people who are holders of interests in the property. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004) Classification of Estates There are certain categories of estates that can be differentiated in terms of the nature of rights that come with the ownership of an estate. An estate in possession allows the owner of the land immediate enjoyment of the land. An estate not in possession is a future estate in land and it doesn't give the buyer any rights to the estate until some time in the future. It will not change to an estate in possession until some future occurrence takes place. (Fisher & Brueggeman 2004) Estates in possession are of two varieties: leasehold and freehold estates. They are differentiated on the basis of the certainty of their duration. A freehold estate lasts for an indefinite period of time which means there is no date that the possession to the estate ends. Leasehold estate ends after a certain amount of time. It is a right to possess and use the property owned by another for a period of time. Examples of leasehold estates include the renting a residential estate whose contract is to be signed every year. A freehold estate can be the purchase of a home in the suburbs which can be leaved in generation after generation. (Fisher & Bruegg

First aid Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First aid - Case Study Example heart complications and other body malfunctions that do not directly involve the heart; they include such as dehydration, high sea levels, diabetes, and hypertension. Situational fainting entails the loss of consciousness after events such as withdrawal of blood, urination, coughing, and defecation. These activities trigger an involuntary nervous system reaction that slows down the function of the heart leading to dilation of blood vessels in the body. This causes a person to feel weak, sweating and nausea and eventually losing consciousness (First Aid 45). Symptoms of fainting include feeling unsteady and weak, this is followed by passing out that lasts for a short period. However, the period it takes become a victim regains conscious is varies depending on the cause of fainting. Another symptom of fainting is a sudden sticky sweat, difficulty in breathing and nausea. The most common symptom of fainting is blurred visions and a ringing sound in the ears; this is followed by collapsing on the ground. After losing conscious, one may feel confused for almost 30 minutes; the victim may also fail to remember the previous events before they fainted (First Aid for Families 2). Assessment of fainting is done via the help of a theory referred to as FAST, this means Face, Arms, Speech, and Time. Face- the face of the victim looks abnormal, not be able to smile, open their mouth normally, and eyes that are drooped or half closed. Arms- the victim is not able to lift their arms at ease, this is due to feeling of numbness and lack of general body strength. Speech, the victims, show signs of blurred speech; they cannot speak and pronounce words in a normal manner. Time- when all these signs have been assessed, it is time to take the first aid steps or seek professional assistance (Thygerson and Alton 123). 1. If the victim is weak and seems to be about to collapse, try to hold them and assist them to the ground, this is because when people faint, they are not able to

Profissonal development and communication skills in english Coursework

Profissonal development and communication skills in english - Coursework Example In this formula; b is the peak induction, f is magnetsing frequency, A is the cross sectional area of the sample and n is the number of turns of the search coil around this sample. In order to evaluate the Curie temperature, a sample of the sheet metal is placed in an insulated temperature controlled furnace, which is then heated above its curie point. The sample is then let cool using a low frequency 10hz magnetic field. Curie temperature is established by measuring magnetic induction and induction-temperature. The experiment was conducted using the following materials: a furnace tube, a solenoid tube, a secondary tube, two identical search coils and a sample sheet. The arrangement of above materials is illustrated in Figure 1. The search coils were wound around a smaller tube, which was inserted inside another longer and larger tube in a way that the axes of both tubes aligned together. The solenoid was wound around the larger tube. The entire construction was then inserted inside the furnace tube. The furnace was heated approximately to 840 C; because of it, the solenoid and the search coil also got heated to the same temperature. The steel sample was then inserted into one of the two search coils as shown in the figure 1. After a period, the sample, solenoid and the furnace reached the same temperature. The furnace was switched off, and the solenoid was switched on once the entire system reached the temperature equilibrium. The sample was then allowed to cool unforced. The experiment used 30 x 28 mm steel samples of various thickness; cross-sectional areas of the samples are shown in the attached table. The use of two identical search coils in series connection eliminated air flux induction, thus ensuring that the induced EMF was caused by the sample magnetisation alone from an uniform magnetic field produced by the solenoid. The solenoid used a sinusoidal time varying magnetic field; the strength of it

Zara's Supply Chain Methods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Zara's Supply Chain Methods - Case Study Example The USP can be identified using the business model of Zara and by understanding its competitive edge over other players in the market. The case also aims at developing a strategic analysis of the market conditions, communication, branding and the competition faced by Zara. Zara does not advertise as much as its competitors. Its average advertising spend is 0.3% while 3-4% is the standard industry spend. This gives them a strategic cost advantage against their competitors. This also makes their expansion strategies more economical. The main alternative to advertising used by Zara is its store layouts and displays. Zara has a team of around 200 people exclusively working on acquiring global prime real-estate locations. They are also responsible for frequent refurbishing of the stores and creative window displaying. There is a testing facility in their headquarters where different layouts are tested and the best is selected for various stores at different locations. The peculiar business model of Zara helps them in reducing their advertising store by giving them alternative options to attract customers. This is by influencing the buying behaviors of customers. Zara updates its collection twice every week. So a usual customer of Zara knows that new styles will be awaiting them every week, making them want to pay another visit very soon. Also, if a customer does not find anything interesting to buy, he knows that he will get more choices in the coming week. New styles in Zara are added very frequently, but are not replenished. This creates a scarcity and the customers of Zara pay frequent visits to the stores so that they don't miss out on certain styles. Zara, because of its unique branding has got itself a cult image through the years. Each Zara store is redesigned every 5 years to keep up with the current fashion. Zara targets a broad range of customers and do not define their target market by age and lifestyle like traditional retailers. They target people of all age group who are educated and are sensitive to fashion and react to changes in fashion. As fashion is more globalized in recent times, Zara offers standardized fashion wear. Also, their pricing strategy is different. Outside of Spain, and particularly in the UK, it is based on more premium prices. Partly to compensate for higher distribution and rental costs, prices can be up to 40 per cent higher. Zara's positioning as an aspiration brand in the UK has the added benefit of giving the perception of clear water between itself and mass-market fast-fashion rivals such as New Look or H&M. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS USING ANSOFF'S MATRIX Market Penetration Strategy Through its unique business model, Zara encourages its existing customers to buy more. Every new style reaches the store shelves from design table in about two weeks. This fast-fashion methodology helps in remaining updated to the latest trends and makes the customers visit the stores more often. This quick inventory turnover is due to its vertically integrated supply chain and its total control over its system. Market Development Strategy Zara identifies potential segments in the market as a first step in their market development. By giving equal importance to all such segments, Zara

Tv program evaluation (modern family) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tv program evaluation (modern family) - Essay Example Among the three families, Claire’s family may seem to be the most traditional, but twists in the plot makes it more complex than usual. Modern Family depicts the possible mixture of modern families in America. It tackle issues that was once in a life time considered taboo, such as inter-racial marriages, same sex unions, and age gap differences. The sitcom introduces a break on the prejudice created by tradition and creates more complex characters, defying proper convention. It is realistic in a way, as it involves problems usually taken by modern families and effective ways to cope with them. An example is the bias depicted against Gloria, a Columbian native with his son Manny who have entered into the lives of the Pritchett by marrying Jay, a man twice his age. Another example is the same sex union between Mitch and Cameron, and their attempt to create a normal family by adopting a child, to which their father Jay, at first did not approve of. The show also breaks stereotype s in gender roles. This is best shown in how Mitch and Cameron, despite being both a man, creates a sort of roles of father and mother. Mitch being a lawyer, is the provider of the family, while Cameron, a former music teacher chose to quit his job to take care of the household and their adopted child, Lily. It shows that even in an unconventional gay family, stereotypes and roles are made.

Effects of Clear Vision on Organizational Performance Research Paper

Effects of Clear Vision on Organizational Performance - Research Paper Example lay out clear objectives that clearly define the role and function of each individual employee, collective departments, and the future vision for the organization. Employees need to know that what they are doing has value in the overall scheme of things. A clearly defined vision can certainly go a long way towards making that happen, leading to increased staff morale and a purpose and direction in work related endeavors. As this study reflects, it behooves the modern organization to make certain the any such vision is clearly communicated to all stakeholders, and that everyone is one the same page moving forward. Vision is essential to the success of a business. Without vision, there is no direction. With no direction, there is little sense of where an organization is heading, and even less of an idea as to how it is going to get there. Setting forth a clear vision enables members of an organization to understand what their individuals and collective roles are, and it time a clear vision statement will pay dividends in terms of enhance organizational performance. Even given these indicators, however, it is a bit shocking to discover how many organizations lack this sense of clear vision. Few, it seems, take the time to set out clear objectives and performance targets for all to see. This sense of top down leadership might have executives understanding where they want the organization to go, but the very people charged with the task of actually getting it there are all too often left in the dark. With this reality in mind, it is important to study the role that a clear vision has on the perfo rmance of an organization in today’s increasingly global and competitive marketplace. The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between a clearly established vision statement and the overall performance level of an organization. This will be primarily accomplished by looking at real life examples of companies with and without clear vision, and how

Argue that Austen's novel is a reflection of its revolutionary age Essay

Argue that Austen's novel is a reflection of its revolutionary age - Essay Example Sandwiched between her older sister Elizabeth who stands in for her mother in her widowed father’s esteem and affection and her younger sister Mary who has made and advantageous and fruitful marriage to a young man due to inherit his own landed estate, Anne’s curious social position allows her a possibility of social mobility that echoes the social shifts taking place across Europe. As a woman, Anne’s social position would be inherently precarious, dependent on her father first and then on the man she married. The undefined nature of an unmarried woman’s social standing gave young women a certain social mobility that was universally acknowledged. A young woman could marry her way into improved social standing – as Austen’s two Miss Bennets do with their marriages to Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy in Pride and Prejudice – or, as Lady Russell warns Anne Elliot in Persuasion, a bad marriage could plunge a poor young woman â€Å"into a state o f most wearing, anxious, youth-killing dependance.† (1158) As a member of the early-nineteenth century aristocracy, Anne is a member of a landed gentry that makes dubious claims about the inherent nobility of birth. For every prudent, thoughtful aristocrat like Emma’s Mr. Knightley, there is an equal an opposite aristocrat in the style of Anne’s father. Sir Walter takes inordinate pride in his ownership of Kellynch Hall and his storied family tree, but he himself has frittered away his family fortune to the point that he must lease his ancestral home in order to maintain his lifestyle. Tellingly, Sir Walter’s lessee is no landed gentleman or wealthy second son of a gentleman but a professional man, an admiral in the British navy, who can afford the rent and upkeep of the estate. Perhaps most interestingly, as a rational person, Anne is willing to be persuaded, as the novel’s title suggests. Though she has a healthy appreciation for tradition, Anne a ppreciates – and responds to – plain good

Popular Music, Television, and Film Stars Essay Example for Free

Popular Music, Television, and Film Stars Essay Everyone at all ages have grown up admiring and idealizing at least on celebrity, be that an actor, singer or any other famous person. What they do not ask while they are young is whether our idols are people we should be looking up to. Usually when people become older they realize that their role models at the time are not someone they would want their children idolizing now. They come to the conclusion that the person they looked up to wasn’t who they truly were, it was all an act. So should a celebrity be considered a true leader? That is worth debating. By using three characteristics of celebrities it will be known whether or not a celebrity has the potential to be a good leader. To begin, a celebrity can be known for many things, but a leader and great role model is not always one of them. One characteristic of a celebrity is being perfect. Is being perfect possible? No, but Paris Hilton is an example of someone who thinks they need to diet uncontrollably and get plastic surgery to make them seem perfect. This is not nearly close enough to be a true leader, because she is giving children the wrong idea; that it’s okay to be unhealthy and to bad things to your body just to look perfect so everyone likes them. The opposition may argue that it’s not always their fault. An example of this would be Demi Lavato. She suffered from bulimia and dieted because she didn’t like the way she looked. However they are wrong because although she couldn’t control her disease, there is no reason she should have hated herself in the beginning. We need to teach the children of this generation that it’s okay to look different. Not everyone needs to wear tons of makeup and be stick thin. A celebrity who can show all of these ideas is one who is truly a leader. Subsequently, everyone is selfish in their life for their own reasons, but should children look up to people who are selfish all the time? A successful celebrity gets money, fame, and anything they virtually want, but that is not a reason they should be selfish. An example of a selfish celebrity would be Kim Kardashion. Everything she does is related to how she can get more fame. Her tv show, her clothes line, her perfume, even her marriage was to give her more publicity. This is not what a leader would do. The opposition would argue that everyone is selfish so why can’t celebrities be who they are; however, they are wrong because although everyone is selfish it’s not as bad as celebrities and non-famous people aren’t the ones trying to get children and  fans to be just like them. Children need to learn that it is important to set aside time to help those who need more help than they do. John Cena is a great example of this. He is a famous wwe wrestler who gets paid a lot and has many fans, however, he takes the time to support the American Red Cross and goes to see children with diseases and cancer to try and make their day better. This is a great way to show how to be a leader. Lastly, something very common in the celebrity world is failed marriages. How are the newer generation’s children supposed to know that, although what t hey see on the tv and in magazines, they are really supposed to marry someone because they love them and want to be with them for the rest of their lives? â€Å"Till death do us part.† right? Wrong the tv, music, and famous world is showing that it’s okay if marriages don’t work out, that they can just find someone else or someone’s at that matter. These celebrities like Kim Kardashion and Kris Humphries were married for 10 months. The only reason they got married was because marrying a famous basketball player with lots of money would defiantly give Kim the publicity she wanted. The opposition may argue that it’s their life and there’s no reason they should be judged by their private life; however, they are wrong because when someone is brought into this industry, their private life is all everyone hears about. Just because they are famous doesn’t mean they can’t get married because of love. An example of a good couple that shows a leader quality would be Tim McGraw and Faith Hill. They are both country singers and have been married for 16 years with three children. Who said that marriage in showbiz had to end so soon? A leader isn’t someone willing to stage a fake marriage for a bigger fan base. Concisely, these days it is getting increasingly hard to tell the difference between a true leader and role model from a fake one. In the celebrity business there are three characteristics such as, perfection, selfishness, and fakeness that results in, are once role models turning into people who we look down upon. It is important to look at people for who they are as a person and what they can do for the people around them, rather than idolizing people for their fashion, money and fame.

Why is high school important to you Essay Example for Free

Why is high school important to you Essay Ill tell you why. when you go to school you can grow up to be anything you choose in your right mind to be. But if you just ditch school and take it as a joke you wont learn anything and youll be on the streets begging for a hundred dollars. You can learn what you can and be serious about it. Dont you want nice cars, a house and at least a job. if you dont want it, then your life will be as miserable as you asked this question. Its very important to get an education, very, very important and that should be the most special thing in your life. Rather than partying, drinking or hanging out with friends, do something with your life for goodness sakes. Stop trying to seem like school is boring to you, you have to go. Besides being able to get and keep a job that will support you, there are other things that are important about school. School teaches you discipline, to be where youre supposed to be when youre supposed to be, the ability to do things that you really dont want to, to work with people that you really dont want to; and to maybe even do them well. It also teaches you how to find out things that you need to know but dont know how to find out; in other words, how to research and how to be resourceful. Whatever it is that you want to be doing or are doing instead of going to school is what youll be doing twenty years from now if you dont learn what you need from school. If its drinking, getting high. playing video games or hanging out with like minded friends. Except, most of the friends that you know now will have moved on or will be in jail. All youll have left is the homeless addicts that hang out on the streets because the shelters wont let them in during the day and have you ever seen those homeless guys with video games. One of the most important things your child can do to achieve academic success is also one of the most basic: going to school every day. In fact, research has shown that your childs attendance record may be the biggest factor influencing her academic success. Achievement:students who attend school regularly are more likely to pass reading and math assessments than students who dont attend school regularly. Opportunity: For older students, being in school every day gives them a chance to learn more about college and scholarship opportunities, and to take the important exams they need to build a successful academic record. Exposure to the English language: Regular school attendance can also help students who are learning English by giving them the chance to master the skills and information they need more quickly and accurately even in other subjects! Being part of the school community: Just by being present at school, your child is learning how to be a good citizen by participating in the school community, learning valuable social skills, and developing a broader world view. The importance of education: Your commitment to school attendance will also send a message to your child that education is a priority for your family, going to school every day is a critical part of educational success, and that its important to take your responsibilities seriously including going to school. What you can do Asa parent or guardian, it is possible to plan ahead in order to limit your childs absences, make school attendance a priority, and help your child from falling behind if it is necessary to miss a day of school.You can do this in the following ways: Help your child get to school on time every day.Babysitting, problems with a car or late bus, and the weather are not permissible reasons to miss school. Frequently coming to school late may also be noted on your childs permanent record, and will make it difficult for your child to stay caught up with the first lessons of each morning. Teach your child how to set and use an alarm clock, and keep the television turned off in the morning. Follow the schools guidelines and attendance policy, and report excused  absences immediately. At the beginning of the school year, review the schools rules and make sure you understand whom you need to call if your child is going to be absent. Check homework. Check each night to see that your child understands and completes the days homework assignments. Take an active role. Stay involved with your childs daily experiences at school by asking how the school day went, and then listening carefully to what your child shares with you both the successes and struggles. Make it a point to meet your childs teacher and friends. Locate potential sources of anxiety.If your child frequently appears upset or reluctant to go to school and cannot tell you why, schedule an appointment with his or her teacher or school counselor to talk about possible sources of the anxiety. Keep updated on school events and announcements. Read the school documents that your child brings home and take note of important announcements and dates, such as back-to-school night and parent-teacher conferences. Try to limit the amount of time that your child misses school due to medical appointments or illness. If possible, avoid scheduling doctors appointments during the school day.Allow your child to stay home only in the case of contagious or severe illnesses. Students who miss days, weeks, or months of school ata time will have a difficult time passing their courses and catching up to their peers. For older students, prolonged absences may make it very difficult to graduate from high school. Schedule family events with your childs school schedule in mind.Plan holiday celebrations or family trips during weekends or school vacations. In the case of family emergencies or unexpected trips, talk to your childs teacher as far in advance as possible and set up a way that your child can work  ahead or bring important homework on the trip. Plan ahead. Encourage your child to prepare for the next school day by laying out clothes the night before and helping to fix lunches. Promote good health.Make sure that your child eats a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables, and has opportunities to exercise every day through a sports team or playtime outside. Create a restful environment. Finally,make sure that your child can relax before bedtime by doing something quiet like reading rather than do something stimulating, like watching television. Ensure that your child gets enough quality sleep ideal amounts range from 8 to 12 hours. Getting enough sleep will help her get up on time, be refreshed in the morning, and feel ready for a full day of learning ahead! By making your childs school attendance a priority, you will be taking an important step in supporting your childs school success, and setting a good example. Remember every day counts!

Uk Legal System And Compare

Uk Legal System And Compare United Kingdom and Northern Ireland consist of four countries which form three distinctive jurisdictions each of which has its own court system and legal profession. These three jurisdictions are England Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The union of Great Britain and Ireland established United Kingdom in 1801, and it attains its present form in 1922 with the partition of Ireland and thus the independent Irish Free State has been established. In 1973 UK joined the European Economic Community, which is the European Union, when it is required to integrate the European legislation into UK law and to become responsive to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice in issues of European Union. A significant constitutional transformation came into existence when the Labour government came into power in 1997. They straight away introduced a process of decentralization, i.e. decentralizing some areas of government to the constituent countries of the UK: separate Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly were established. The European Convention of Human Rights which has UK as its participant and it is been integrated into UK law, in the same year the Human Rights act was passed i.e. 1998. Thus provisions of Conventions can be directly applied to the UK courts. Actually there is no written constitution for the country. The Queen is the head of the state, even though the ultimate power of the Crown is conceded by the government of the day. The legislature is a two-tier parliament. A count of 659 Members of Parliament makes the House of Commons, by a general election that comes across every 5 years with a simple majority vote. The Government has the power to call for an election at any time, but to make the electoral advantage secure they do these voting every 5 years. The constitutional law of the UK is considered as consisting of statue law on the one hand case law on other, whereas the judicial model is applied in the courts by judges deducing statue law. The third element includes constitutional conventions which do not consist of legislative power but how ever has an obligatory force [1]. Constitutional Reform The Labour government now introduced constitutional alterations in 3 distinct areas: the transformation of the House of Lords, devolution, and the passing of the Human Rights Act 1998. The reformation of the House of Lords was really a long process, by eradicating the voting rights of all the aristocrats who remains until the house is totally altered. Proposals that were put forward by the Royal Commission on the reformation of House of Lords were published in 2000 as a command paper: A House for the Future (Cm 4534) [2] along with government proposals put down in The House of Lords: Completing the Reform (Cm 5291) [3]. The Human Rights Act was passed in 1998, integrating into the UK law rights and freedoms assures by the European Conventions on Human Rights. Even though the UK had been a participant to the European Conventions on Human Rights since 1951, this act gives the provisions of the conventions to be integrated into the domestic law. This makes it clear that the concern of the human rights affects every part of the government. Some of the effects of decentralization were: The Department for Constitutional Affairs (DCA) was launched in 2003, and it swaps the Lord Chancellors Department. Its changed responsibilities such as holding and administering the judicial system, human rights, and electoral and constitutional reform. DCA administers the Court Service and watch over judicial appointments. The responsibility of Lord Chancellor has been modified, with the possessor renamed Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and Lord Chancellor, resigns his functions as Speaker of the House of Lords and as a judge. These changes are mainly brought in by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and it also made important changes to the courts and the judiciary. The Court System Civil courts Civil cases initially are heard in the County Courts actually its for minor claims or the high Court, which is divided into 3 divisions: Queens Bench, Family and Chancery. Cases can be appealed to the Court of Appeal. Cases may also be appealed from the County Court to the High Court. The structure of the UK courts is shown below [4] . The majority of civil actions are heard in the 218 county courts, which also handles family and bankruptcy hearings. The value of claim decides in which manner the case has to be dealt with. The work is handled by three divisions, depending on its subject: Chancery Division: equity, trusts, tax, bankruptcy Queens Bench Division: contract, tort, commercial matters Family Division: divorce, children, probate. House of Lords is the supreme court of appeal. The judicial functions are quite different from its legislative work and the cases are heard by around 13 senior judges known as Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, or Law Lords. The Constitutional Reformation Act 2005 endow with the establishment of a supreme court to reinstate the judicial functions of the House of Lords with an independent appointment system, thus making a constitutional division between legislature and the judiciary. Judicial Committee of the Privacy Council is responsible for hearing cases from the British overseas territories and dependencies as well as domestic appeals. Cases regarding powers and functions of the devolved legislatures are also heard in these courts. Along with these courts there are also specialized tribunals, which take into account different appeals on decisions made by several public bodies and Government departments like employment, immigration, social security, tax and land. Criminal courts Criminal cases initially are heard at the Magistrates Court, serious ones being heard in the Crown Court. Appeals are mainly heard in the Court Of Appeal Criminal Division [5]. The Crown Court and Magistrates Court can be replaced by a cohesive Criminal Court with 3 divisions: Crown Division now the Crown Court to hear jurisdiction over all criminal matters and the more serious offences allocated to it, the District Division, comprise of a judge usually a District Judge or Recorder and at least 2 magistrates, to hear the jurisdiction over a mid range and in case of serious issues merit up to 2 years custody and the Magistrates Division comprised by a District Judge or Magistrates are to work out their present jurisdiction. The Magistrates Division would assign cases according to the significance of the suspected offence and the situation of the defendant. In the affair of an argument, a District Judge would determine the matter after hearing the version of prosecution and the defendant. The defendant has no right of selection of any of the division. LEGAL SYSTEMS The United Kingdom has 3 legal systems for its 3 separate jurisdictions; English Law for England Wales, Northern Ireland follows some common law principles and finally Scots Law for Scotland. England Wales English Law English law, which refers to the legal system administered by the courts of England Wales for both civil and criminal matters. English law has its own distinctive legal canon, separate from civil law [6] (civil law in which the sources known as reliable are legislation mainly codification in the constitution that are passed by the government and also the custom.) [7]. Actually the laws are not made a part of an organized system and also the laws are developed by judges in the court. Earlier times the justices and the judges were in charge if adapting the Writ system for the everyday needs to for building up a consistent law [8]. For e.g., the Law Merchant began in the Pie Powder Courts. When the Parliament developed in its capacity and focus to the canon of separation of powers, the legislation overtook the judicial law making. Senior Courts of England and Wales consist of Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice and the Crown Court. The Supreme Court is the highest court for both criminal and civil appeal cases in England Wales and also Northern Ireland. English Law became one of the two legal systems in different parts of UK and also greatly influenced by Scots Law after the Acts of Union in the year 1707 [9] particularly in the development and incorporation of law merchant by Lord Mansfield and also with the development of law of Negligence. Northern Ireland Common Law The law of Northern Ireland is a common law system. It is managed by the courts of Northern Ireland, with The law of Northern Ireland is a common law system. It is administered by the courts of Northern Ireland, with supreme appeal to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in both civil and criminal matters. The countrys law is almost similar to the English Law with some of the rules of common law being transferred to the Kingdom of Ireland. The basis for the law of Northern Ireland is English Common Law and Statute Law. Scotland Scots Law Scots law is an inimitable legal system with an origin from Roman law. It also characterizes elements of common law with some feudal sources. This shows that Scotland has varied or mixed legal system compared to South Africa and to a certain extent it has codified systems of Louisiana and Quebec. The Acts of Union has shared legislature with the rest of the UK. In those days Scotland, England Wales each has separate or distinct legal systems, but the Union act brought some English influence on Scots law. Later on the Scots law was also affected by both European laws under the Treaty of Rome and with the Establishment of Scottish Parliament. Court of Session, for the civil cases and the High Court of Justiciary for criminal cases are the chief courts. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom functions as the ultimate court of appeal for civil cases under Scots Law. Sheriff courts deals with most of the civil and criminal cases including criminal trials with a jury known as sheriff solemn court with a sheriff and no jury which is known as sheriff summary court. UK Legislatures United Kingdom Parliament The Parliament of United Kingdom is two- tier consisting of an upper house i.e. the House of Lords and a lower house i.e. the House of Commons. The House of Lords comprise of two types of members: the Lords Spiritual, he is the senior bishops of the Church of England and the Lords Temporal. The House of Common is an elected chamber democratically. These two houses gather in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster in London. All government ministers including the Prime Minister are members of either the House of Commons or House of Lords [10]. Northern Ireland Assembly The Northern Ireland Assembly is the decentralized legislature of Northern Ireland. It has got the authority to enact in broad areas that are not overtly reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and appointed the Northern Ireland Executive. It is situated at Parliament Buildings at Stormont in Belfast. The latest embodiment of the Assembly was established under the Good Friday Agreement a commitment by all parties for exclusively peaceful and democratic means of 1998[11] . The Assembly is a unicameral democratically elected body consisting of 108 members who are known as Members of Legislative Assembly, or MLAs. Scottish Parliament The Scottish parliament is located in the Holy rood area of the capital Edinburgh. Unofficially the Parliament is referred to as Holy rood, the Parliament consists of 129 members who are democratically elected, and they are also called Members of Scottish Parliament or MSPs. The members of the Parliament are elected for four year terms under the Additional Member System of proportional representation an attempt to ensure that the outcome of the election reflects the proportion of support gained by each competing group [12]. The original Parliament of Scotland or also known as Estates of Scotland was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland, and it existed till the 13th century until the Kingdom of Scotland merged with Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to figure the Kingdom of Britain. As a result the Parliament of Scotland unites with Parliament of England to form Parliament of Great Britain, which is situated at Westminster in London. WORKING OF UK LEGAL SYSTEM England Wales Criminal law Criminal law or penal law, its a body of rules that describes the behaviour which is considered illegal because it is believed to threaten, harm or otherwise imperil the safety and welfare of the public. The law is actually insisted by the state itself and the one who breaks these laws are prosecuted in court. Capital punishment is obligatory in some jurisdiction for almost all serious crimes, physical or corporal punishments are also imposed such as whipping or caning [13]. Individuals are also enslaved in prison or in jail depending upon the jurisdiction. Length of imprisonment may vary from day to life. House arrest or fines are also imposed on the convicts who done the crime. The main objectives of this law by punishment are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restitution. Some of the selected criminal laws are fatal offenses [14], personal offenses, property offenses, participatory offenses, mala in se v. mala prohibit a. Civil Law Civil law deals mostly the disputes between the individuals or corporate bodies and swathe a large array of areas which includes: landlord and tenant disputes, insolvency, small claims, consumer disputes, personal injury claims, divorce cases, race, sex and disability discrimination cases, debt problems wills and libel. [15]According to this law it is important that there should be 50 percent probability that the defendant is responsible for dispute. In both these cases the prosecution and the defence try to convince the court that one side is right and other is wrong. In criminal cases, the jury decides whether the prosecution or the defence are guilty and the final decision of sentence is issued by the judge himself. But in the case of civil and family cases the judges alone decides or announces who is the convict based on the evidences presented. In England and Wales prisoners are assigned different security classes when they are sentenced. The categories of prisoners in descending order are: Category A: prisoners whose escape would be highly dangerous to the public or national security. Category B: prisoners, whom which do not require maximum security, but the escape needs to be made very difficult. Category C: prisoners who cannot be trusted in open conditions but who are improbable to escape. Category D: prisoners who can be quite trusted that they dont try to escape, and are given the privilege of an open prison. Northern Ireland The countrys legal system is almost similar to England Wales [16]. The Lord Chancellor is responsible for court administration through the Northern Ireland Court Service. It deals with the policy and legislation concerning criminal law, the police and the prison system. Criminal law Criminal law is mainly concerned with establishing and upholding social order and protecting the community. The rules of this law are meant to persuade and keep up an orderly and safe living for every citizen. If anyone is found at fault they can be fined, given a community penalty or may be sent to a prison. Civil law Civil law is almost similar to the law of England and Wales i.e. cases must be verified by the balance of probabilities rather than the beyond reasonable doubt which is applied in criminal cases. Scotland The Scottish Executive Justice Department manages the issues regarding civil and criminal law. The Parliament makes or passes laws on those issues on which where it has the right to act independently, in such situation it can change or discards the acts of UK Parliament and it can passes new and separate legislation for Scotland. Scots Law The Scots Law and Scottish Legal system has a protracted history, which dates back to the medieval period. The uprightness and independence of Scots law were accredited in the 1707 Act of Union which eliminates the Scottish Parliament and forms a new UK Parliament at Westminster. Scots Law carves up many of the legislative provisions with the law of England and Wales [17], even though the Scots Civil Law remains significantly based on Scots Common Law. Scots Civil Law has some elements which got basis from the Roman Dutch Law. INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM The Government of India, formally known as the Union Government (Central Government) and was found by the Constitution of India and it is the governing power of a union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. It is situated in New Delhi, the capital of India. The Indian Government Consist of 3 branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. The Executive branch is headed by the President of Country who is known as the head of the state and he implements his powers through officers under him or directly. The Legislative branch or the Parliament has two houses: lower house called the Lok Sabha[18], and the upper house called the Rajya Sabha. The Judicial branch has the Supreme Court at its top level, 21 high courts and number of civil criminal family courts at the district level. The civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of the country are governed by the parliamentary legislation such as the Civil Procedure Code, the Indian Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code. The legal system applied to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common (laws which are developed by the judges on the basis of decision of court and similar tribunals rather than by the legislative statues)[19] and Statutory Law (law that is made by the legislature and codified or written in code books) [20]. [21]India has a Parliamentary system of government which is largely based on that of the United Kingdom i.e. the Westminster System[22] (A democratic system of government which was modelled after that of UK and it is followed in many of the Common wealth nations such as Canada, Australia, Singapore, Jamaica, Ireland, New Zealand India.) The legislature of the country is Parliament. Its two-tier system, with two houses: Lok Sabha in which the 545 members are directly elected called House of the People also known as lower house, Rajya Sabha in which the 250 members are indirectly elected called Council of States also known as upper house. Council of Ministers as well as the Prime Minister is the members of the Parliament, if they are not members then they should be elected within a period of six months from the time they take up their respective positions. Individual responsibility Every individual minister takes care of the specific bureau or bureaus. He is supposed to answer any act of failure in all the policies relating to his ministry. In case any slip up, he himself is responsible to the Parliament. If a vote of no confidence vote or motion in a legislative body censuring an aspect of or indicating a lack of majority support for a government policy [23] is passed against a the minister then he is forced to resign from his position, in such situation the Prime Minister can ask for resignation of the minister to save his government and the people have say. Collective Responsibility The prime Minister and the Council of Ministers together are answerable to the Lok Sabha. So if there is a policy failure from the governments part members of the council are responsible. In such situation if a vote of no confidence is passed then all the ministers headed by the Prime minister have to resign from their position. Judicial System The Supreme Court in India is the eventual exponent of the constitution and the laws of the country [24]. It has appellate jurisdiction over all civil and criminal events involving substantial matter concerning the explanation of the constitution. The court has the unique and exclusive jurisdiction to determine the arguments between the central government and one or more states and union territories as well as between states and union territories. The Supreme Court has a broad or ample flexible powers to hear special appeals on any matter from any court expect those of armed services. It is also known as court of records and oversees every high court. Twenty five associate justices and one chief justice serve on the Supreme Court. Chief justice is appointed by the President, the associated judges are also appointed by the President after consulting with Chief justice. The appointments do not require Parliaments accord, and the justices cannot be removed from their position until they reach the binding retirement age 65. The Supreme Court has power to decide cases under [25]. Original jurisdiction Argument between central government and government of one or more states. Argument between central government and the governments of one or more states on one side and the governments of one or more states on other side. Argument between two or more states. Appellate jurisdiction: Supreme court is the final court of appeal. An appeal against the high court can be filed in the supreme court. If any of the parties is not satisfied with the decision of the high court appeals can be brought to constituitional, criminal and civil cases. Advisory jurisdiction: President may ask for the advice of the Supreme court on any matter of public importance. Features of Indian Legal System Written Constitution Constitution is generally a written document and affirms India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and it represents the reservoir of enormous power. The Indian Constitution is an inimitable mix of rigidity and flexibility and it is a political document and also known as Bag of Borrowings [26] which mete out the power of the state amongst different structures i.e. between central and state government. Indian government is democratic and republican and is governmental through adult authorization. The Rule of law The term Rule of Law is derived from French phrase la principe de legalite (The principle of legality), that means a government based on the principles of law and not of men. According to ancient scriptures, Law is the King of Kings and there is nothing higher than law. The rule of law contains 3 principles [27]. Supremacy of Law: This means that no man is punishable or can legally be made to bear in body or goods expect for a discrete violation of law launched in an ordinary legal manner. It means that a man can be penalized for the violation of law but cannot be penalized for any other things. A suspected offence is supposed to be attested before the ordinary courts in harmony with the ordinary procedure Equality before Law: This means that no man is above the law. Every citizen whatever his position focuses on the ordinary law of the land and agreeable to the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals. Predominance of Legal Spirit: This means that general principles of the constitution are the result of judicial decisions for determining the file rights of private person in association with the cases brought to the court. Independence of Judiciary It is a principle that the judiciary should be politically defended from governmental and the exclusive power, this means that the court should not be exposed to culpable influence from other sections of government or personal interest [28]. One way to prop up judicial independence is by giving life term or long term for judges, which allows them to decide cases and make laws according to the rule of law and judicial discretion. Overview of Indian Court Structure The exclusive feature of Indian constitution is its judiciary. Single incorporated system of courts manages both union and state laws. The Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land. It is the vital explainer and protector of the constitution and the laws of the land. It is the highest court of petition or appeal. It takes up request against judgments of the regional high courts. The Supreme Court of India consists of Chief Justice of India and 30 other judges who are appointed by the president. High Courts High court is head of each states judicial administration. There are around 21 high courts for Indias 28 states, 6 union territories and one national capital territory. These courts have a power over a state, a union territory or a group of states and union territories. As the part of the judicial system the high courts are officially free of state legislatures and executives. Each high court within the country is a court of record for implementing original and appellate jurisdiction inside a state or territory. It also issues proper writs in cases regarding constitutionally assured fundamental rights. The high court controls or over sees all courts within its jurisdiction, expect for which deals with armed forces and can transfer constitutional cases to it from the lower courts. The said court have original jurisdiction on revenue matters. They under take original criminal cases by a jury, but not civil cases. According to article 141 of the Constitution of India all courts in the l and including high court are bound by the orders of Supreme Court. High courts are controlled by the chief justice. Judges of high court are appointed by the president of India after consulting with the Chief Justice and the governor of the state. Lower Courts High court has the power of supervising the lower courts within its jurisdiction namely the district and session courts and their lower courts [29]. The district and the session courts consist of the lowest level of courts and are also known as trial courts and it applies both federal and state laws. States are divided into districts and inside each district a district judge and sessions judge heads the judiciary. A district judge is in charge of all civil cases and sessions judge over the criminal cases. State Governor after consulting with the states high court appoints these judges. Civil cases are filed in Munsif courts, also known as sub district courts. Lesser criminal cases are handed over to the subordinate magistrates working under the high court. Village level disputes are mostly resolved by Panchayats or Lok adalats. Executive The President of India is the Head of the State and the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces [29]. He is elected by the democratic board composed of members of both the Houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the nations constituent states. The President holds the position for 5 years and he can be re elected. The president does not normally implements any constitutional powers on his own inventiveness. But these are done based on the instruction given by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, who is chosen by the legislators of the political parties. President then appoints other ministers on after consulting with the Prime Minister. Prime Minister can remain in office only when he or she enjoys the majority support from the Parliament. The Vice President is elected by the members of both the houses the lower and the upper houses of Parliament. The Vice President takes the power of President in case of death or resignation of the current President. Indian legal system is mostly based on the English common law and statutory law, and most of the state and the territorial law are based on English common law. Indias dedication to law is created in the constitution which made India into a sovereign democratic republic, which contains a federal system with law-making form of government in the union and the states. The main resources of law in India are the Constitution, statutes, customary law and case law. Parliament, state legislatures and Union Territory legislatures endorse the statutes. In addition to that there is a huge body of laws known as subordinate legislation in that form of rules regulations made by central and state governments and local authorities like municipal corporations, municipalities, Gram Panchayats and other local bodies. Subordinate legislation is made under the authority s assigned either by the parliament or state or union territory legislatures. The official publications of laws of India are recorded in major parliamentary legislation such as the India Code. Indian laws stick on to the United Nations guidelines on human rights laws and the environmental law. .

Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

Ernest (Miller) Hemingway 1899-1961 Entry Updated : 08/01/2001 Birth Place: Oak Park, Illinois, United States Death Place: Ketchum, Idaho, United States Personal Information Career Writings Media Adaptations Sidelights Further Readings About the Author Personal Information: Family: Born July 21, 1899, in Oak Park Illinois, United States; committed suicide, July 2, 1961, in Ketchum, Idaho, United States son of Clarence Edmunds (a physician) and Grace (a music teacher; maiden name, Hall) Hemingway: married Hadley Richardson, September 3, 1921 (divorced March 10, 1927); married Pauline Pfeiffer (a writer), May 10, 1927 (divorced November 4, 1940); married Martha Gellhorn (a writer), November 21, 1940 (divorced December 21, 1945); married Mary Welsh (a writer), March 14, 1946; children: (first marriage) John Hadley Nicanor; (second marriage) Patrick, Gregory. Education: Educated in Oak Park, IL. Career: Writer, 1917-61. Kansas City Star, Kansas City, MO, cub reporter, 1917-18; ambulance driver for Red Cross Ambulance Corps in Italy, 1918-19; Co-operative Commonwealth, Chicago, writer, 1920-21; Toronto Star, Toronto, Ontario, covered Greco-Turkish War, 1920, European correspondent, 1921-24; covered Spanish Civil War for North American Newspaper Alliance, 1937-38; war correspondent in China, 1941; war correspondent in Europe, 1944-45. Awards: Pulitzer Prize, 1953, for The Old Man and the Sea; Nobel Prize for Literature, 1954; Award of Merit from American Academy of Arts & Letters, 1954. WRITINGS BY THE AUTHOR:NOVELS * The Torrents of Spring: A Romantic Novel in Honor of the Passing of a Great Race (parody), Scribner, 1926, published with a new introduction by David Garnett, J. Cape, 1964, reprinted, Scribner, 1972. * The Sun Also Rises, Scribner, 1926, published with a new introduction by Henry Seidel Canby, Modern Library, 1930, reprinted, Scribner, 1969 (published in England as Fiesta, J. Cape, 1959). * A Farewell to Arms, Scribner, 1929, published with new introductions by Ford Madox Ford, Modern Library, 1932, Robert Penn Warren, Scribner, 1949, John C. Schweitzer, Scribner, 1967. * To Have and Have Not, Scribner, 1937, J. Cape, 1970. * For Whom the Bell Tolls, Scribner, 1940, published with a new introduction by Sinclair Lewis, Princeton University Press, 1942, reprinted, Scribner, 1960. * Across the River and Into the Trees, Scribner, 1950, reprinted, Penguin with J. Cape, 1966. * The Old Man and the Sea, Scribner 1952. * Islands in the Stream, Scribner, 1970. * The Garden of Eden, Scribner, 1986. * Patrick Hemingway, editor, True at First Light: A Fictional Memoir, Simon & Schuster, 1999. SHORT STORIES, EXCEPT AS INDICATED * Three Stories & Ten Poems, Contact (Paris), 1923. * In Our Time, Boni & Liveright, 1925, published with additional material and new introduction by Edmund Wilson, Scribner, 1930, reprinted, Bruccoli,

Why Toolbox Manufacturers Charge High Interest Rates and Mechanics Pay Them :: Finance Interest Mechanic Manufacturing

Why do Toolbox Manufacturers Charge High Interest Rates and Mechanics are willing to pay for them? The high interest rates of toolbox financing provide benefits for the manufacturing company and the mechanics. The company increases their net income and the mechanic receives financing, convenience and the name brand. We have all been there. We walk into the garage of our mechanic’s shop, taking a quick glance; we see the huge elaborate toolboxes that each mechanic owns. Most of them are from Mac, Matco or Snap-On. Unless you work in the tool industry most people do not realize what the real cost of each of these boxes is. The average toolbox costs a minimum of $4,500 and can run up to $9,500 for just one component of the set. The Big Three toolbox companies in the industry are Mac, Matco and Snap-on and all are using outrageous interest rates depending on state requirements. The rates vary from 6.25% all the way up to 22.50% in most states. So how much does that toolbox really cost if a mechanic makes weekly payment for the whole term of the contract? A $4,500 dollar contract as the principle balance at 22.50% interest while paying $32.71 a week for 208 weeks (4 years) will cost a total amount of $6,803.68. That is over $2,000.00 in interest. Looking at a $9,500 dollar contract at 22.50% interest while paying $69.06 a week for 208 weeks, will cost a total amount of $14,364.48. That is almost $5,000.00 in interest! Looking at this scenario from a company’s perspective, there has to be a point of competitiveness. Each manufacturer offers in-house financing for mechanics that are interested in buying their product. Due to many mechanics having little or damaged credit, the companies are taking a financial risk by financing them. Considering that for every 100 contracts the company buys 2 will default on the loan. There is a 2% chance of default on a loan. Each company buys 300 contracts on average per day, approximately 78,000 contracts annually which means that 1,500 will more than likely default. The rate of interest on the company’s part is determined by an estimate of how much money will be lost. If the interest income from these rates makes up approximately 35% of each company’s net income, then the total amount of interest income would be 37% from these contracts. 1 For the company, the benefit of bringing in a 35% net income outweighs the cost of a 2% loss of interest income. The other point of view, the mechanic’s, involves three solutions to this question.

A Jury of her Peers by Susan Glaspell Essay -- A Jury of Her Peers Ess

In Susan Glaspell’s, â€Å"A Jury of her Peers†, it is the women who take center stage and captivate the reader’s emotions. Throughout the feministic short story, which was written in 1917, several repeating patterns and symbols help the audience to gain a deeper understanding of the difficulty of prairie life for women and of the bond that women share. The incredible cunning the women in the story demonstrate provides insight into the innate independence that women had even during days of deep sexual discrimination. In â€Å"A Jury of her Peers†, the hardships women of the early twentieth century must endure and the sisterhood that they can still manage to maintain are manifested as a mysterious, small-town murder unfolds. In the beginning of the story, Martha Hale leaves her house in half-disarray to meet with her husband, the county attorney, Mrs. Peters, and Mr. Peters, the county sheriff. The five travel up to the Wright household to investigate the murder of Mr. Wright. Mr. Hale explains to the county attorney that the previous day Mrs. Wright had told him in a shockingly matter-of-fact way that her husband was dead. She had said that he was strangled in their bed by a rope and that she was never awakened by any commotion. It is obvious from her odd laugh and the incoherence of her explanation of her husband’s death that something is emotionally wrong with her. Immediately after Mr. Hale explains his story to the county attorney, the men leave to look around the house for more evidence. While alone together, the women start to talk to each other. Mrs. Hale comments that she would feel uncomfortable to have men roaming in her kitchen, but Mrs. Peters defends them. Her view of the men searching the house is more t... ...box with the bird in it. The men enter with some condescending remarks toward the women to which neither Mrs. Hale nor Mrs. Peters remarks. The county attorney says that it seems pretty clear that Mrs. Wright is guilty but that he has failed to uncover any evidence that would explain any motive. The women do not mention that they have found the bird. They know that proof of motive is the most critical piece of evidence against Mrs. Wright and that when she is tried in court, she will not technically be judged by a group of her peers. Women are not allowed to vote and, therefore, cannot be members of a jury. If the court does establish a motive, Mrs. Wright will surely be convicted by a group of chauvinistic men. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters know the motive but decide to take the law into their own hands and, in doing so, demonstrate both autonomy and fellowship.

The Oppression of Women as Women

The oppression of women as women PHIL 202 – Assignment 1 26/01/2012 The patriarchal society in which we live has systematically oppressed women for centuries. It is not until extremely recent history, with the Women’s Liberation Movement, that women have been able to take meaningful strides towards a more equal and just society. We have come a long way since that time, women can now vote, work, practice politics and live independently of men: it seems as though we have come very close to the equality that we have worked so hard to achieve. However that statement has proven to be incredibly false.If we examine Marilyn Frye’s metaphor of the bird cage and apply it to the changes that have been brought upon our society we can see how the oppression of women not only still exists, but has gained new dimensions. By inspecting the progress women have made to integrate into patriarchal society we can see that we have succeeded to remove some of the wires that have held us back from escaping the cage, however the removal of these wires has added new responsibilities for the female gender and it is these new responsibilities that have added completely new wires to our cages.By examining Marilyn Frye’s article Oppression we will examine why she believes that â€Å"women are oppressed as women† (Frye, p. 16) and why it is that, even though men face barriers and difficulties, she believes that they are not â€Å"oppressed as men† (Frye, p. 16) Whilst reading Frye’s article I was truly disagreeing with the points she was making. How can she state that men are not also oppressed in some way: they have the burden of supporting their families, they cannot express any emotions without seeming weak, and they don’t have the choice of spending as much time with their children?These facts made me certain that men too were oppressed, however in a different way than women. As I neared the end of the article I came to a sudden re alization: the opinions I had formed were a product of my microscopic view of the situation and I was not able to see that the burdens men faced were only barriers held in place in order to preserve the patriarchal society that has been created and they were not faced with systematic oppression. In order to illustrate this point we can take a look at an example from the side of two opposing genders. The workplace seems to be following the path f equality, even though certain issues remain (men earning more than women on average, men holding higher positions etc†¦) they seem to be miniscule problems compared to the ones faced by the women decades before us. The wire on the cage that we would have named â€Å"ability to pursue a career† seems to be a rusty weak wire that is falling apart, no longer capable of holding women back. It may seem as if this is a victory, however, the oppressing society we live in has ensured that the destruction of that single wire has been ackn owledged and replaced by a new strong and sturdy set of wires in order to ensure systematic oppression.Now that women are able to work they are perceived as lazy and old-fashioned if they don’t, however if they do work they are perceived as being intimidating, bad mothers and sometimes masculine. Therefore it seems as if the situation where a women is perceived as hard-working, intelligent, ambitious and modern as well as feminine and an excellent mother and homemaker does not exist, yet it is actively expected of them; if any of the aforementioned characteristics are not present she will be given a dreadful label by society.It is clear that the advancements we have made have lead to an entirely new dimension of oppression. If we now continue on to examine the role of a man in the workplace we can see that they do face barriers but they are in absolutely no way systematically oppressed. If we examine a single barrier they face, for example, the burden of having to support the ir family, as this is the norm with regards to sex roles. The man must go to work and must earn money to pay the mortgage, to feed their children and to buy his wife the dishwasher she has been nagging him to get.This is a responsibility that he is expected to fulfill, however he is no way oppressed. In order to obtain an adequate job a man may go to school, earn a degree and find a stable and well-paying job. He will find this job with much more ease than a woman with the same qualifications and will get payed more than the aforesaid women. Being a man will be an advantage to his search and will in no way place any obstacles in his way, as opposed to woman whose gender is â€Å"significantly attached to whatever disadvantages and deprivations she suffers, be they great or small. †(Frye, p. 6) By obtaining a job, he has now earned the labels of intelligent, ambitious, and hard-working; of course, in our age and time a woman might be able to acquire all of these labels as well . However the labels describing her femininity and home-life might not be as pleasant.What about a man? He is now supporting his family therefore he is now masculine and worthy, he is also seen as a good father as he is supporting his children (the fact that he might not spend an adequate amount of time with them is of no importance as in our society financial support takes precedent of emotional support. Therefore our society has given him the burden of supporting his family but we can see that this is only a barrier put in place in order to for men to be able to exclude women from political and economic life and therefore control it. It may be a disadvantage in some ways, however it is important to recognize that it is a necessary disadvantage in order to maintain control and can in no way be labelled as oppression.The simple term â€Å"oppression† must be understood because without understanding its rightful meaning it is â€Å"much misused, and sometimes not innocentlyâ €  (Frye, p. 0) We must come to the understanding that men do face obstacles and barriers however they do not face the systematic oppression that women do as a result of their gender. Of course there are oppressed men living all around the world, but this oppression does not stem from the simple fact of their sex but many other factors such as socio-economic situation, sexual orientation, political situations etc†¦ Simply put, there are thousands, maybe millions of men around the world who are in no way oppressed, but not one single woman because her gender is the defining characteristic for her oppression.

Globalization: International Trade and World Trade Organization Essay

1.Describe how the world economy is becoming more integrated than ever before. The global economy is becoming more integrated than ever before. The world trade organization (WTO), now has 153 countries involved in more than 95 percent of the world’s trade. The global economy is dominated by countries in three regions: Western Europe, North America, and Asia. Europe is economically to form he biggest market in the world. Under the Maastricht Treaty, which formally established the European Union (EU), the euro was adopted as a common currency among European countries with the goal to strengthen Europe’s position as an economic superpower in the world. Among the Pacific Rim countries, Japan dominated world attention toward the end of the last century and with the world’s largest population and increasing industrialization, China is on its way to becoming the larges producer and consumer of the world’s goods. Asian countries have joined the United States, Australia, and Russia to form the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) trade Group. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) brings together 10 developing nations and is aimed at cultural development and political security. The North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA) combined the economies of the United States, Canada and Mexico into one of the world’s largest trading bloc. And, as for the rest of the world with all the important developments, markets and competitors shaping the global environment, India for example with the fast growing economy and huge population has become the world’s second largest online support, software developer and other services. 2.Discuss what integration of the world economy means for individual companies and their managers. Compared with only a few years ago opportunities are greater because the movement toward free trade has opened up many formerly protected national markets. The potential for export and for making direct investment overseas is greater today than ever before. The environment is more complex because today’s manager often has to deal with the challenges of doing business in countries with radically different cultures and coordinating globally dispersed opportunities. The environment is more competitive because in addition to domestic competitors the managers must deal with cost efficient overseas competitors. Companies both large and small now view the world rather than a single country as their market and need to identify the best strategy for competing in a global marketplace. Universal needs exist when the tastes and preferences of consumers in different counties with regard to a product are similar, creating strong pressure for a global strategy. Thus, managers need to make sure that their companies are able to adapt to different needs in different locations not just locally but globally. Irene B. Rosenfeld, the CEO of Kraft and General Foods, understood the importance of globalization and to save the struggling company, aside from its North American market, she also focused on the overseas market. Krafts global expansion strategy targets 10 markets. Also, Kraft will focus on its overseas efforts and research and development for ten best selling brands which accounts for about 40% of Kraft’s international sales and over 60% of its profits.

Energy Situation In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Pakistan has been enduring from energy crisis since the last few old ages, which has earnestly affected its people. The power sector of Pakistan suffers from a serious deficit of up to 5000MW ( USAID Pakistan: Energy Efficiency and Capacity, 2012 ) .The spread between demand and supply has been invariably widening. Peoples are passing insomniac darks in summer. Load casting has become an issue of all the people. Where the rich people can afford UPS and generators, the hapless 1s can merely afford to bear the effects of power outage. Apart from personal jobs of the people, acute power outages have earnestly paralyzed the commercial and economic activities in the state and are making many hurdlings in development of the state. If we examine the present energy profile of Pakistan, it is run intoing its energy demands from different beginnings. Pakistan is bring forthing 48 per centum of its electricity from gas, 33 per centum from hydel power, 17 per centum from oil, two per centum from atomic and one per centum from coal. If we examine the figures, it is clear that Pakistan is underutilizing its natural resources to bring forth electricity. We have failed to work those resources that nature has bestowed upon us. We have non decently tapped our natural resources, even though we could hold met our energy crisis by making that and it is clip we look at this facet with unfastened eyes before the state of affairs gets wholly out of manus doing the hereafter coevalss to endure the rough effects.Energy used by Pakistan and spread between its demand and supply:Energy usage refers to utilize of primary energy before transmutation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to autochthonal production plus imports and sto ck alterations, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international conveyance ( TheWorldBank, 2012 ) . In footings of per capita ingestion Pakistan ranks comparatively low – 164 out of 217 states ( CIAWorldFactbook, 2003-2011 ) . Energy utilizations and national income per capita are straight related, because energy ingestion is critical to the development of an industrial economic system. In malice of being at the lower terminal of the word-wide energy devouring spectrum, Pakistan faces serious troubles in carry throughing its energy demands due to even lesser supply than the demand of energy. The Government estimates that energy demand will go on to turn during the following two decennaries, with Pakistan necessitating an estimated extra 35,000 MW of power coevals capacity by 2020. Based on the analysis, the expected new power coevals build out will be about 7,700 MW of extra capacity by 2020, go forthing a spread of over 27,000 MW. In a nutshel l, supply rate is neglecting to maintain in sync with the increasing demand rate owing to industrialisation, growing in agribusiness and services sectors, urbanisation, lifting per capita income and electrification of rural and urban countries.Possible solutions to the job of Energy crisis:In order to do up for the shortage and acquire the state out of a serious energy crisis that it is soon facing, both short-run and long-run policy enterprise are needed that enhance the state ‘s capacity to run into its demands. The possible solutions to the energy deficit can be divided into three chief types:1. Conservation of present energy beginningsThis includes cut downing inordinate ingestion of electricity and hence conveying down the demand for energy. This is short term step that can significantly cut down on the burden during peak demand periods by salvaging electricity. Conservation includes alterations in life style as good installing of energy efficient devices, edifice pattern s and electricity distribution and direction programs that optimize the supply when the demand is at its extremum.2. Importing more energyAnother option to assist increase the energy base of the state is depending on more imported fuel. At present Pakistan meets 75 % of its energy demands by domestic resources including gas, oil and hydroelectricity production. Merely 25 % energy demands are being managed through imports. Presently, programs are underway for importing gas from cardinal Asia. However, this scenario is besides certain to hold a negative impact on Pakistan ‘s balance of payments and hence a more reliable and sustainable beginning of energy is required.3. Investing in autochthonal renewable and non renewable energy beginningsThe 3rd option for Pakistan is developing its autochthonal capacity to use the untapped potency of its fuel militias. There is important room for development in all resources including oil, gas, coal and hydel – provided that the profic ient and commercial restraints associated with the public-service corporation of these resources are overcome.Coal as a new enterprise for Pakistan:Despite being a non-renewable energy beginning, surveies indicate that coal is traveling to play a really important function in the planetary energy scenario during the following two centuries. Harmonizing to an IEA study, coal usage is likely to turn from 41 % to 44 % , as a beginning for power coevals, by 2030 due to energy security and monetary value volatility. On the other manus, the portion of coal as a beginning of electricity bring forthing fuel in Pakistan bases at a meager 0.1 % in comparing to the universe norm of 41 % . Given the crisp rise in the oil monetary values in the international market every bit good as the fast depletion of Pakistan ‘s gas militias due to increased demand, it is imperative that Pakistan look towards alternate beginnings of energy including coal. There are a figure of advantages pointed out in favour of this development. These include: Abundance and security of supply. Energy denseness comparable to other beginnings of thermic power. Relatively easier to develop. The excavation and power production engineerings exist and merely an infrastructural development is required prior to their execution Handiness of clean coal engineerings and ways to minimise environmental jeopardies These are the grounds why Pakistan looks towards inventing a feasible scheme for the development of its coal militias at Thar.THARPARKAR COAL MINES:The majority of Pakistan ‘s autochthonal coal resources lie in Sindh. The largest modesty, 175 billion metric tons of lignite coal, is located in the Thar Desert of Sindh. Thar coal is yet to be developed for excavation and power coevals. The development of the Thar resources would supply. The electricity coevals potency of 100,000 MW based on estimated ingestion of 536 million metric tons of coal per twelvemonth, could be a important fuel resource used for proviso of coal base burden capacity in the system supplementing gas based capacity. Further, usage of Thar militias for power coevals would assist in cut downing inordinate trust on imported fuel thereby cut downing the force per unit area of balance of payments in the state. The entire estimated militias in Thar field including measured and conjectural are about 175 billion met ric tons. The existent mensural militias are 2.7 billion tones, the oil equivalent of which is 6.59 billion barrels. The oil equivalent of 175 billion metric tons of coal is about 427 billion barrels. The coal Fieldss cover a entire country of over 9000 sq.km in the Tharparkar desert. The field is covered by sand dunes that extend to an mean deepness of 80 metres. Below that is a bed of sandstone and siltstone which extends from 11m to 127m in thickness. Further underneath are variable sedimentations of clay rock resting on the Bara formation in which coal is embedded. The beds of coal scope in thickness from 0.20m to 22.81m ; the maximal thickness widening up to 36m in certain topographic point. The coal seam itself is present at a deepness of between 114-203m. The chief beginning of H2O in Thar is groundwater. The groundwater is present in three chief aquifers at changing deepnesss. The mean deepnesss are 50m, 120m and more than 200m which means that at least one aquifer is located in the coal bearing zone and will back up the mining/extraction processes ( GovernmentofSind, 2008 ) .Quality of CoalCoal quality and its contents have serious effects on the efficiency of the power w orkss in which it is used and besides on the grade of pollution that is created as a effect of electricity coevals. The coal found in Thar is lignite holding a lower warming value as compared to other types which makes it suited for electricity coevals. Its power coevals capacity is 10,289 MW. The brown coal at Thar has a heating value of 6200 – 11,000Btu/lb. Other of import constituents of the coal and their proportion are: Carbon ( 19.35-22 % ) , Ash ( 5.18-6.56 % ) , Moisture ( 43.24-49.01 % ) , Volatile affair ( 26.5-33.04 % ) and Sulphur ( 0.92-1.34 % ) .Production of electricity from coal:Some of the methods of production of electricity from coal are as follows:Pulverized Fuel ( PF ) engineering:In this procedure, coal is reduced to ticket pulverization signifier, stored and so transported by air to the burner as coal air mixture for burning. This method involves direct combustion of the coal to bring forth heat that is used to bring forth steam from H2O to turn conventional steam turbines. It is a straightforward technique but direct combustion of coal increases the external costs of energy by let go ofing nursery gases and other toxic oxides and fouling particulate affair into the ambiance in big sums. The efficiency of such a system is merely approximately 33 % .Fluidized Bed Combustion ( FBC ) engineering:Fluidized-bed burning ( FBC ) engineering is a type of burning procedure in which the solid coal is suspended on jets of air. In this manner, more efficient commixture of gas and solids occurs, taking t o more efficient heat transportation. The low temperature demand for burning reaction is one of the primary advantages because it reduces the formation of toxic azotic oxide. Additionally, FBC engineering causes inexpensive and easy remotion of sulfur dioxide during burning in comparing with the â€Å" stack scrubber † engineering. Furthermore, add-on of other solid fuels ( such as biomass ) along with the coal can besides be supported by FBC into the reaction mixture.ACoal Gasification ( CG ) technology/IGCC:IGCCA ( Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle ) A with Carbon Capture and Storage ( CCS ) engineering allows coal to be used to bring forth power as flawlessly as natural gas. IGCC engineering has three basic constituents. In the gasification stage, heat, force per unit area, pure O and H2O are used to interrupt char down into its constituent parts and change over it into a clean man-made gas ( syngas ) .The syngas is cleaned before it can be converted into utility natural gas ( SNG ) which finally fuels the power turbines. Staying particulates are removed from the syngas in the particulate scrubber. Carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) by adding steam in displacement vas. The gasification procedure makes it possible to capture most of the quicksilver, sulfurA and C dioxide ( CO2 ) in the syngas. The captured CO2A will be transported via grapevine for usage in enhanced oil recovery or storage in a saline geologic reservoir. The IGCC works so converts the syngas into utility natural gas ( SNG or methane ) , through a procedure called methanation. The SNG, which is comparatively high in energy content, powers two gas turbines. Excess heat contained in the fumes from those turbines so heats H2O to power a steam turbine. The higher energy content of the SNG ( as compared with syngas ) improves the efficiency of the power production. This combined rhythm ends up heightening the power works ‘s efficiency up to 60 % .Gasification is the engineering that most power workss are switching towards global and Thar Coal development is besides expected to construct IGCC workss for an environmental friendly procedure of coevals of electricity.The electricity to be produced from the coal gas would be about Rs. 4 per unit.Environmental Analysis:The beginnings of air pollution from coal based power workss fall include C emanations, particulate affair and other nursery gases and toxic oxides. Carbon emanations and ot her green house gases such as methane and N oxides are of import from the clime alteration perspective whereas toxic oxides and volatile particulate affair pose wellness jeopardies if the human population is exposed to certain degrees. In add-on to these quicksilver and other heavy metals are released which are linked with both neurological and developmental harm in worlds and other animate beings. Fly ash and underside ash are residues created when coal is burned at power workss. In the yesteryear, fly ash was released into the air through the smokestack, but now most of it is captured by pollution control devices, like scrubbers. The chief beginning of groundwater pollution is from the belowground processes that are carried out in the locality of aquifers in order to pull out coal or syngas. This affects the quality of groundwater and besides reduces its measure. It should be kept in head that land H2O is the lone beginning of H2O for the people of Thar. Dirt and Land pollution is a consequence of the excavation procedure itself as it may go forth the land non useable for agricultural or business by life because of drastic alterations in the surface or deposition of harmful affair in the dirt.Clean coal engineering and cut downing the harmful impacts of coal excavation:Clean coal technologyA is a aggregation of engineerings being developed to cut down the environmental impacts ofA coalA energy coevals. Some clean coal engineerings purify the coal before it burns. One type of coal readying is coal rinsing. It removes unwanted minerals by blending crushed coal with a liquid and leting the drosss to divide and settle. Other systems control the coal burn to minimise emanations of S dioxide, N oxides and particulates.A Wet scrubbers, or flue gas desulfurization systems, take S dioxide, a major cause of acid rain, by spraying flue gas with limestone and H2O. Low-NOx ( nitrogen oxide ) burnersA cut down the creative activity of N oxides by curtailing O and pull stringsing the burning process.A Electrostatic precipitatorsA take particulates that aggravate asthma and do respiratory complaints by bear downing atoms with an electrical field and so capturing them on aggregation home bases. GasificationA avoids firing coal wholly. With incorporate gasification combined rhythm ( IGCC ) systems, steam and hot pressurized air or O combine with coal in a reaction that forces C molecules apart. The resultingA syngas, a mixture of C monoxide and H, is so cleaned and burned in a gas turbine to do electricity. Carbon gaining control and storageA is the most promising clean coal engineering. In order to detect the most efficient and economical agencies ofA C gaining control, research workers have developed several engineerings. One of them, flue-gas separation is a technique thatA removes CO2 with a dissolver, strips off the CO2 with steam, and condenses the steam into a concentrated watercourse. The CO2A can so be sequestered, which puts CO2A into storage, perchance belowground, in such a manner that it will stay at that place for good. Flue gas separation besides renders commercially useable CO2. Another procedure, A oxy-fuel burning, burns the fuel in pure or enriched O to make a flue gas composed chiefly of CO2 and H2O which saves the energy required for dividing the CO2 from other flue gasses. A 3rd engineering, A pre-combustion gaining control, removes the CO2 before it ‘s burned as a portion of a gasification procedure. The CO2 removed can be stored in geologic or pelagic reser voirs from where it ca n't come in the ambiance. A DepletedA oilA or gas Fieldss and deep saline aquifers safely contain CO2 while deep belowground coal seams absorb it. A procedure calledA enhanced oil recoveryA already uses CO2 to keep force per unit area and better extraction in oil reservoirs. All signifiers of CO2 storage require careful readying and monitoring to avoid making environmental problemsA Reuse and recycling can besides cut down coal ‘s environmental impact. Land that was antecedently used for coal excavation can be reclaimed for utilizations like airdromes, landfills, and golf classs. Waste merchandises captured by scrubbers can be used to bring forth merchandises like cement and man-made gypsum for drywall.